{"id":2122,"date":"2022-10-11T08:09:09","date_gmt":"2022-10-11T08:09:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arblog.praxilabs.com\/?p=2122"},"modified":"2025-04-21T16:02:38","modified_gmt":"2025-04-21T16:02:38","slug":"diels-alder-reaction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u061f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 :<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 7<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u060c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/strong> (<strong>Alkene)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2123 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/download-5.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\" width=\"118\" height=\"110\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a Alkenes \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a CnH2n. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646<\/strong> (<strong>Diene)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2125 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/download-1.png\" alt=\"\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 (Diene)\" width=\"249\" height=\"144\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 Diene \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 3 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 (Allene): \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 2 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 2 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 2 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1928 \u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><a class=\"maxbutton-1 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/request-free-demo\"><span class='mb-text'>\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646!<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter-rtl ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%9F\" >\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\u061f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF\" >\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3\" >\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%E2%80%93_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u2013 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3\" >\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\" >\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9\" >\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%9F\" >\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\u061f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%9F\" >\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\u061f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_42-_%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%9F\" >\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 [4+2]- \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u061f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%9F\" >\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u061f<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/diels-alder-reaction\/#%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%9F\" >\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u00a0\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%9F\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 (dienophile)\u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u00a0\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642. \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 cyclohexenes <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2127 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/image1.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\" width=\"376\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/image1.png 376w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/image1-300x102.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 376px) 100vw, 376px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a) \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644 (HOMO) \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a 4\u03c0 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a 2 \u03c0 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648 \u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 [4 + 2] \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u03c3 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u03c0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a 2 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/0X9eo3S8XYc\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2126 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/download.jpg\" alt=\"\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\" width=\"371\" height=\"136\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/download.jpg 371w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/download-300x110.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u00a0 pi 4 + 2 pi (diene + dienophile) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0633\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 pi \u0628\u0627\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 hetero \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644 &#8211; \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 &#8211; \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><a class=\"maxbutton-1 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><span class='mb-text'>\u0623\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646!<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u062a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 s-cis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 s-cis \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 s-trans.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <\/strong><strong>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 (dienophile) \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-endo-a3-succinic anhydride. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2130 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646.jpg\" alt=\"\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\" width=\"600\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646.jpg 600w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0627\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646-300x147.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1,3\u2010\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2131 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644 \u0648 \u0623\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u00a0\" width=\"600\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644.jpg 600w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644-300x195.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2128 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0627\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646.jpg\" alt=\"\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 - \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u00a0\" width=\"600\" height=\"353\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0627\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646.jpg 600w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0627\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646-300x177.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2129 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u00a0- \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\" width=\"600\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646.jpg 600w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646-300x136.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628&#8221; \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2132 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/download-1-cope-method.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\" width=\"495\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/download-1-cope-method.png 495w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/download-1-cope-method-300x62.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 495px) 100vw, 495px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0627.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 diastereomers \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647\u0627 &#8220;exo&#8221; \u0648 &#8220;endo&#8221; \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0648.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kE1OvWophxY\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%E2%80%93_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u2013 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 -\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u00a0\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2133 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/retero-2.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u2013 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\" width=\"502\" height=\"100\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/retero-2.png 502w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/retero-2-300x60.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 502px) 100vw, 502px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: <\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 + \u0625\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 (\u0639\u0646\u062f 800 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2134 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/nano.jpg\" alt=\"\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 B6.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u062f.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/a> F2\u03b1 \u0648 E2.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0632.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/polymers-as-one-of-chemistry-applications-in-our-life\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a<a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/introduction-to-nanotechnology-and-its-most-important-applications-in-various-fields\/\"> \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648<\/a> \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0631&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u062a\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2135 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Diels-Alder12_28_2021_7_53_37_AM.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Diels-Alder12_28_2021_7_53_37_AM.jpg 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Diels-Alder12_28_2021_7_53_37_AM-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646<\/strong><strong>\u00a0\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 Diels Alder \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643)\u0645\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646) \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 9,10-dihydroanthracene-9,10-endo-a3-succinic anhydride. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u063a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 4 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u03c0 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 (\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0646) \u0648 2 \u03c0 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 (\u0623\u0646\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0643) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 350 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u03c3 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u03c0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/ar\">\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a<\/a> \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><a class=\"maxbutton-1 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\"><span class='mb-text'>\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%9F\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632- \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u061b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%87%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%9F\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 cyclohexene.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_42-_%D8%A5%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%9F\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 [4+2]- \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u061f<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644) \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 2 \u03c0 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 (dienophile) \u0648 4 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u03c0 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u03c3 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u03c0.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%9F\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632-\u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%9F\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627<\/strong> <strong>\u00a0\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f <\/strong><strong>\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0629\u061f<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0644\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u060c \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d 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