{"id":2231,"date":"2022-12-04T10:35:57","date_gmt":"2022-12-04T10:35:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/arblog.praxilabs.com\/?p=2231"},"modified":"2025-04-22T19:28:55","modified_gmt":"2025-04-22T19:28:55","slug":"acids-and-bases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/acids-and-bases\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f | \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645"},"content":{"rendered":"<span class=\"span-reading-time rt-reading-time\" style=\"display: block;\"><span class=\"rt-label rt-prefix\">\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 :<\/span> <span class=\"rt-time\"> 7<\/span> <span class=\"rt-label rt-postfix\">\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/span><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book 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palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2233\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/images.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\" width=\"351\" height=\"221\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter-rtl ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/acids-and-bases\/#_%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\" >\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 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>\u00a0\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/acids-and-bases\/#%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9\" >\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/acids-and-bases\/#%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9\" >\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/acids-and-bases\/#%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9\" >\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u00a0\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 H+ \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f OH- \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 (H+) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644.\u00a0 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639\u0629\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">HCl (aq) &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 (H +) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f (OH-).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluorosulfuric_acid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643<\/a> HSO3F.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D9%85%D9%81%D9%87%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f (OH- ) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f(\u0632\u0648\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">NH3 + H + &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; NH4+<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627) \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 H3O +.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b6%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1\/\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621<\/a> \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b><a class=\"maxbutton-1 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/request-free-demo\"><span class='mb-text'>\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646! \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0634 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2234 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/download-1.jpg\" alt=\"\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\" width=\"274\" height=\"184\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/download-1.jpg 274w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/download-1-110x75.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 274px) 100vw, 274px\" \/><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0633\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0628\u0637\u0639\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636\u064a.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644 (\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0643) \/ \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \/ \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062c\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \/ \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \/ \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2236 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/download-2.jpg\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f | \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0640 pH \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\" width=\"356\" height=\"141\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/download-2.jpg 356w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/download-2-300x119.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 356px) 100vw, 356px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 7 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 7.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 7 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a -log10 c\u060c<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u062d\u064a\u062b c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0631<\/span><b>.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 14. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 1 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 10 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2235 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/images.png\" alt=\"\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\" width=\"327\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/images.png 327w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/images-300x141.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 327px) 100vw, 327px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 7. \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 H +\u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 7. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u00a0 H+ \u0648 OH- \u060c \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0647\u064a 7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 14.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a 0 \u2013 2: \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a 3 \u2013 6: \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a 7: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a 8 \u2013 11: \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a 12 \u2013 14: \u0642\u0644\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0648\u064a<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b>\u0641\u064a <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b> \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/ar\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85\">\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b><a class=\"maxbutton-1 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><span class='mb-text'>\u0623\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646!<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f (\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0H2SO4- \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0KOH &#8211; \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HCL\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">CH3COOH &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HNO3 &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HBr &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">H2CO3 &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HI &#8211; \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">H2CO3 \u2013 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0KOH- \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">NaOH &#8211; \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">Li(OH)2 &#8211; \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">Ca(OH)2 &#8211; \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">Ba(OH)2 \u2013 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">C5H5N &#8211; \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HCO3 \u2013 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">NH3 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629( pKa)\u00a0 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 -2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629:<\/strong> \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.\u00a0 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 1.0 \u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>HA + S \u2194 SH+ + A-<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">\u062d\u064a\u062b: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">S \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>HCl(aq) \u2192 H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">Ka \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0640 Ka \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0642\u0648\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 Ka \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 Ka \u0648 pKa (\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 pKa.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">pKa = -log [Ka]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 pKa \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u064a\u0628<\/a>. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 pKa \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a -5.9 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a -2.0 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 pKa \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a -8.8 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a -6.8.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">H2SO4 (\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HNO3 (\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 (HCl)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HI (\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HBr (\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HClO3 (\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">HClO4 (\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0644\u064a\u0643 (H[CF3SO3])<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 HF \u062d\u0645\u0636\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0627. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642. \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>HA + H<\/b><b>2<\/b><b>O <\/b><b>\u21cc<\/b><b> H<\/b><b>3<\/b><b>O<\/b><b>+<\/b><b> + A<\/b><b>\u2013<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u00a0\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644 OH\u2212 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 KOH.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 H2O. \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f OH-. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: BOH + H2O \u2192 B + (aq) + OH\u2013(aq)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u00a0pOH \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 OH \u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f (OH-). \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 pOH \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">pOH = -log [OH\u2013]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 13 \u0648 14.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">Kb \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644 Kb \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 Kb \u0648 pKb (\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 pKb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">pKb = -log [Kb]<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>pH + pOH = 14<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 pOH \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><strong>\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">KOH (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">LiOH (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">NaOH (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">Ca(OH)2 (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">Ba(OH)2 (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">RbOH (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">Sr (OH) 2 (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">CsOH (\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0645)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%8B_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0632\u0648\u062c \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c NH4OH \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0648 NH4 + \u0648 OH-\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 NH4 + \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0646 NH4OH \u0648\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b>B + H2O <\/b><b>\u21cc<\/b><b> BH+ + OH-<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B6_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a <span dir=\"rtl\">\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; text-align: center; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628). <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; text-align: center; font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\">\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 .<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 (\u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 ) \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"RqBzHd\">\n<div><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt; text-align: center;\">\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/ar\/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 <\/a>\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0664\u0665 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'book antiqua', palatino, serif;\"><b><a class=\"maxbutton-1 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\"><span class='mb-text'>\u0623\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u0633\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0647\u0648\u062a\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f . \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621. &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":2287,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-1"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2231","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2231"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2231\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3314,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2231\/revisions\/3314"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2287"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2231"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2231"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/arabic\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2231"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}