{"id":2175,"date":"2022-12-04T10:55:10","date_gmt":"2022-12-04T10:55:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.praxilabs.com\/?p=2175"},"modified":"2025-10-19T18:58:37","modified_gmt":"2025-10-19T18:58:37","slug":"strong-acids-and-bases-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Learn All About The Strong Acids and Bases"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Acids and Bases play a vital role in our life and all of the environment around us. When you brush your teeth with toothpaste or wash your hands with soap or take your coffee, you\u2019ve already experienced acids and bases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In chemistry, substances are classified as acids or bases or neutral, depending on some characteristics like PH and behavior with water. Acids and bases are also sub classified into weak and strong acids and bases, depending on the strength. In this article we will focus on strong acids and bases but first we will clarify some important definitions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4807 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-2.webp\" alt=\"Acids and Bases\" width=\"583\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-2.webp 583w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-2-300x225.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 583px) 100vw, 583px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#General_Look_at_Acids_and_Bases\" >General Look at Acids and Bases<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Acids\" >Acids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Bases\" >Bases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Properties_of_Acids_and_Bases\" >Properties of Acids and Bases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Difference_between_Acids_and_Bases\" >Difference between Acids and Bases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#_Acids_and_Bases_Identification_and_Measurement\" >\u00a0Acids and Bases Identification and Measurement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Acids_and_Bases_Examples\" >Acids and Bases Examples<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Strong_Acids_and_Bases\" >Strong Acids and Bases<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Strong_Acids\" >Strong Acids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Strong_Bases\" >Strong Bases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Examples_of_Acids_and_Bases\" >Examples of Acids and Bases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#List_of_Strong_Acids_and_Bases\" >List of Strong Acids and Bases<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Strong_Acids-2\" >Strong Acids:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#_Strong_Bases\" >\u00a0Strong Bases:<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Strong_Acids_and_Bases_Chart\" >Strong Acids and Bases Chart<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Properties_of_Strong_Acids_and_Bases\" >Properties of Strong Acids and Bases<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Strong_Acids-3\" >Strong Acids<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Strong_Bases-2\" >Strong Bases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Difference_between_Strong_Acids_and_Bases\" >Difference between Strong Acids and Bases<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/12\/04\/strong-acids-and-bases-2\/#Weak_Acids_and_Bases\" >Weak Acids and Bases<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"General_Look_at_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>General Look at Acids and Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Before explaining <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/strong-acid-strong-base-titration-simulation\">strong acids and bases<\/a>, we will first clarify what is meant by acids and bases in general and based on:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen ion H+ or hydroxide ion OH- production when dissolved in water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Transfer of proton.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In case of mixing acids and bases, they react together to neutralize the properties and forming a salt and water.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4808 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-3.webp\" alt=\"mixing acids and bases\" width=\"216\" height=\"160\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Acids\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Acids<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An acid is a matter that produces ions of hydrogen (H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) when dissolved in water. All acids must contain at least one hydrogen ion. Acids are Protons donors.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>HCl (aq) &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; H+ (aq) + Cl\u2013 (aq)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Acids must have acidic protons (H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) to be donated and depending on no of acidic protons, acids can be<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Monoprotic (ex: hydrochloric acid and nitric acid).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Diprotic (ex: sulfuric acid).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Triprotic (ex: phosphoric acid).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water can act as an acid when donates a proton to a base and forms hydroxide ion (OH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Note: <\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Super acid is acid with more acidity than pure sulfuric acid. Some are capable of protonating nearly anything, including hydrocarbons. An example of super acids is<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fluorosulfuric_acid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> fluorosulfonic acid<\/a> HSO3F.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A base is a matter that neutralizes acid. Bases split to form ions of hydroxide (OH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) when dissolved in water ( the base that has been added to water is called an alkaline solution). Bases are protons acceptors and to accept protons, they must have a <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lone_pair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">lone pair<\/a>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>NH3 + H+ &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; NH4+<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Bases can be neutral (ex: ammonia) or negatively charged (ex: hydroxide ion).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Water can act as a base when it accepts a proton from an acid and forms hydronium ion H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Examples of acids and bases (household):<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4809 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-4.webp\" alt=\"house hold acids and bases\" width=\"1500\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-4.webp 1500w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-4-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-4-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-4-768x512.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Properties_of_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Properties of Acids and Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The following table shows the main properties of acids and bases:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Acids<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Bases<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Acids taste sour.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Bases taste bitter.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">React with some metals to separate hydrogen.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Bases feel soupy to touch as they can Change the protein structure.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">React with bases and form salts.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">React with acids and form salts.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Change the color of litmus paper from blue to red.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Change the color of litmus paper from red to blue.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Good electrical current conductor.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Good electrical current conductor.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Can destroy cells.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong bases can destroy the skin proteins and cause<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">severe burns.<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Can catalyze chemical reactions.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Corrosive substances that can damage other substances.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Soluble in water.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Some bases are soluble in water but others are not.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Mineral acids are colorless and in solid case, organic acids are white.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Most of bases are colorless.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Commonly used in car batteries and fertilizers.<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Commonly used in several cleaning products.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Examples: Vinegar (acetic acid) \/\u00a0 Hydrochloric acid \/ Sulfuric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Examples: Ammonia \/ Sodium hydroxide \/ Potassium hydroxide<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_between_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Difference between Acids and Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0The main difference between acids and bases is the PH value of each of them. The acids pH are below 7 and the bases pH are above 7.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0The pH or potential of hydrogen is a measurement for the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, higher values are more alkaline and lower values are more acidic. The pH is equal to \u2212log<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10<\/span> <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">c<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> refers to the hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Acids_and_Bases_Identification_and_Measurement\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Acids and Bases Identification and Measurement<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">When we test a matter with a pH meter, we get a number range from zero to 14. This is a pH scale, and it can be used to compare substances, also identify and measure acids and bases. note that the pH scale is logarithmic which means that 1 decrease in the pH scale can cause 10 times increase of hydrogen ions concentration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4810 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-5.webp\" alt=\"pH scale\" width=\"276\" height=\"183\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Acids have a pH value below 7. The more H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+ <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ions, the more the acidity of it and the lower the pH value will be. Bases have a pH value above 7. When there is a balance of H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and OH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8211;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ions, it is called neutral and pH value is 7.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">For very strong acids, the pH value can be less than zero and for very strong bases, the pH value can be more than 14.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The PH Scale<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4811 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-6.webp\" alt=\"pH scale\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">pH 0 \u2013 2: strong acid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">pH 3 \u2013 6: weak acid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">pH 7: neutral.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">pH 8 \u2013 11: weak alkali.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">pH 12 \u2013 14: strong alkali.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Acids_and_Bases_Examples\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Acids and Bases Examples<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The following table shows list of acids and bases<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<table style=\"width: 91.6665%; height: 516px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Acids<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Bases<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0H2SO4 &#8211;\u00a0 Sulfuric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0KOH &#8211; Potassium hydroxide<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0HCl \u2013 Hydrochloric\u00a0 acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0NaOH &#8211; Sodium hydroxide<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0CH3COOH &#8211; Acetic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0Li(OH)2 &#8211; Lithium hydroxide<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0HNO3 &#8211; Nitric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0Ca(OH)2 &#8211; Calcium hydroxide<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0HBr &#8211; Hydrobromic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0Ba(OH)2 \u2013 Barium hydroxide<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 H2CO3 &#8211; Carbonic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0C5H5N &#8211; Pyridine<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0HI &#8211; Hydroiodic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0HCO3 \u2013 Bicarbonate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 41.9779%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0H2CO3 \u2013 Carbonic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 102.653%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0 \u00a0NH3 &#8211; Ammonia<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strong_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strong Acids and Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">After understanding the general acids and bases differences, now we will clarify what is meant by strong acids and bases and their general properties.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Strong acids or alkalis\u00a0 are nearly or completely ionised in water. Examples of strong acids (hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid) \/ examples of Strong alkalis (sodium hydroxide and potassium).<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strong_Acids\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strong Acids<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Strong acid is characterized by their ability to be completely ionized or dissociated in the solvents. The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acid_dissociation_constant\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pKa<\/a> value of strong acids are less than -2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Note: when strong acids become more concentrated, they may be unable to fully dissolve.\u00a0 A strong acid is fully dissociated in solutions of 1.0 M or lower concentration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The general form of the dissociation or ionization reaction of the strong acids is:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>HA + S \u2194 SH+ + A-<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Where:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">S is the solvent molecule like water<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">For example, hydrochloric acid dissociation in water:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>HCl(aq)\u00a0 \u00a0 \u2192 \u00a0 H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Ka is the acid dissociation constant and it measures how completely an acid dissociates in a solution. The large value of Ka indicates that the acid is highly dissociated into its ions and it is a strong acid. Strong acids have a small value of Ka as they completely dissociate in water.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There is a direct relationship between Ka and pKa (the logarithmic acid dissociation constant). Therefore, the stronger the acid the lower the pKa value.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>pKa = -log [Ka<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">]<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0The value of pKa of an acid depends on the solvent. For example, the pKa value of hydrochloric acid is about -5.9 in water and in dimethyl sulfoxide is about -2.0, while the\u00a0 pKa value of hydrobromic acid is about -8.8 in water and in dimethyl sulfoxide is about -6.8.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strong_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strong Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Strong base is characterized by their ability to be completely ionized or dissociated into their respective ions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Most common strong bases are metal hydroxides as they are composed of a metal ionically bonding with a hydroxyl ion OH\u2212, like potassium hydroxide KOH.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strong bases are considered as good acceptors of protons that cannot remain in aqueous solution. For instance, all oxygen ions are converted to hydroxide ions by accepting protons from water H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">O molecules. As a result, water molecules are converted to hydroxide OH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.note that the strong bases cations are soluble in water (if a cation is soluble in water, it can form a strong base).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Ex: BOH + H<\/b><b>2<\/b><b>O \u2192 B<\/b><b>+<\/b><b>(aq)<\/b><b> + OH<\/b><b>\u2013<\/b><b>(aq)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The potential of hydroxide ions or pOH is a measurement of the concentration of hydroxide ion (OH-). The higher the hydroxide ions concentration in the solution, the lower the value of\u00a0 pOH therefore, a stronger base.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>pOH = -log [OH<\/b><b>\u2013<\/b><b>]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Strong bases commonly have a pH value between 13 \\ 14.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Kb or the base dissociation constant measures how completely a base\u00a0 ionizes or dissociates in a solution. The large value of Kb indicates a strong base and it also means the base is highly dissociated into its ions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There is a direct relationship between Kb and pKb (the logarithmic base dissociation constant). Therefore, the stronger the acid the lower the pKb value.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>pKb = -log [Kb]<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The following equation shows the relation between pH and pOH of an aqueous solution:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>pH + pOH = 14<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">If either the pOH or the pH value of a solution is known, you can calculate the other.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Examples_of_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Examples of Acids and Bases<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4812 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-7.webp\" alt=\"Examples of strong and weak acids\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-7.webp 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-7-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-7-768x512.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"List_of_Strong_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>List of Strong Acids and Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There are examples of common strong acids and strong bases.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strong_Acids-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strong Acids:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">H<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">SO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (sulfuric acid).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HNO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (nitric acid).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HCl (hydrochloric acid).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HI (hydroiodic acid).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HBr (hydrobromic acid).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HClO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (chloric acid).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">HClO<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (perchloric acid).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Triflic acid (H[CF3SO3]).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0\u00a0Fluoroantimonic acid (H[SbF6])..<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Strong_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Strong Bases:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">KOH (potassium hydroxide).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">LiOH (lithium hydroxide).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">NaOH (sodium hydroxide).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ca(OH)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (calcium hydroxide).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ba(OH)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (barium hydroxide).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">RbOH (rubidium hydroxide).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sr(OH)<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (strontium hydroxide).<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">CsOH (cesium hydroxide).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">PraxiLabs provides <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-labs\">virtual labs<\/a> simulations in Chemistry, Physics and Biology that you can access anytime and anywhere<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strong_Acids_and_Bases_Chart\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strong Acids and Bases Chart<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<table class=\"MuiTable-root jss92\" style=\"width: 90.5804%; height: 1329px;\">\n<thead class=\"MuiTableHead-root\">\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root MuiTableRow-head\" style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<th class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-head jss95\" style=\"width: 97.8008%; height: 24px;\" role=\"columnheader\" colspan=\"7\" scope=\"col\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"MuiTableBody-root\">\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<th class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98 jss94 jss99\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 24px;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Acid<\/b><\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98 jss94 jss99\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 24px;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98 jss94 jss99\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 24px;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98 jss94 jss99\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 24px;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98 jss94 jss99\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 24px;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Base<\/b><\/span><\/th>\n<th class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98 jss94 jss99\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 24px;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<th class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98 jss94 jss99\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 24px;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strength of Acid<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Ka<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Name<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Formula<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Formula<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Name<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strength of Base<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Strongest<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Large<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Perchloric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HClO<sub>4<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ClO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Perchlorate<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Weakest<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">3.2 * 10<sup>9<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydroiodic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HI<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">I-<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Iodide<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.0 * 10<sup>9<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrobromic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HBr<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Br-<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Bromide<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.3 * 10<sup>6<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrochloric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HCl<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cl-<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Chloride<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.0 * 10<sup>3<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Sulfuric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HSO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">sulfate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">2.4 * 10<sup>1<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Nitric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HNO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">NO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Nitrate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydronium ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>3<\/sub>O+<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Water<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">5.4 * 10<sup>-2<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Oxalic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HO<sub>2<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>H<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HO<sub>2<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">oxalate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.3 * 10<sup>-2<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Sulfurous acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HSO<sub>3<\/sub>&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">sulfite ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.0 * 10<sup>-2<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen sulfate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">SO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/04\/10\/sulfite-ion-test\/\">Sulfate ion<\/a><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">7.1 * 10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Phosphoric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>3<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dihydrogen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">phosphate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">7.2 * 10<sup>-4<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Nitrous acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HNO<sub>2<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">NO<sub>2<\/sub>&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Nitrite ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">6.6 * 10<sup>-4<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrofluoric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HF<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">F-<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Fluoride ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.8 * 10<sup>-4<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Methanoic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HCO<sub>2<\/sub>H<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HCO<sub>2<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Methanoate<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">6.3 * 10<sup>-5<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Benzoic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>COOH<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>5<\/sub>COO-<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Benzoate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">5.4 * 10<sup>-5<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen oxalate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HO<sub>2<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">O<sub>2<\/sub>C<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Oxalate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Medium<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.8 * 10<sup>-5<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Ethanoic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>COOH<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>COO<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Ethanoate<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">(acetate) ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">4.4 * 10<sup>-7<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Carbonic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HCO<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">carbonate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.1 * 10<sup>-7<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrosulfuric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>S<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HSO<sub>3<\/sub>&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">sulfide ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">6.3 * 10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dihydrogen phosphate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sub>4\u00a0<\/sub>&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HPO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">phosphate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">6.2 * 10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen sulfite ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HS-<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">SO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Sulfite ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">2.9 * 10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hypochlorous acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HClO<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ClO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hypochlorite<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 54px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">6.2 * 10<sup>-10<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrocyanic acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HCN<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">CN<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cyanide ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 54px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">5.8 * 10<sup>-10<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Ammonium ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">NH<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>+<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">NH<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Ammonia<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 54px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">5.8 * 10<sup>-10<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Boric acid<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>3<\/sub>BO<sub>3<\/sub><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>BO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dihydrogenborate<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">4.7 * 10<sup>-11<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen carbonate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HCO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">CO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Carbonate<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 54px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">4.2 * 10<sup>-13<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen phosphate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HPO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>3-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Phosphate<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 54px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 48px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.8 * 10<sup>-13<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dihydrogen borate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>BO3\u00a0<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HBO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">borate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 48px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.3 * 10<sup>-13<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen sulfide ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HS-<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">S\u00a0<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Sulfide ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 30px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1.6 * 10<sup>-14<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydrogen borate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">HBO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>2-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">BO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<sup>3-<\/sup><\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Borate ion<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 30px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"MuiTableRow-root\" style=\"height: 27px;\">\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.7407%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Weakest<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 8.91204%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">&#8211;<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 21.9907%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Water<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 10.3009%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 9.49074%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">OH-<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.3935%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hydroxide<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"MuiTableCell-root MuiTableCell-body jss93 jss98\" style=\"width: 15.9722%; height: 27px; text-align: center;\" role=\"cell\" colspan=\"1\" rowspan=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Strongest<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The previous table shows the strong acids and bases strength chart.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sigmaaldrich.com\/EG\/en\/technical-documents\/technical-article\/chemistry-and-synthesis\/acid-base-chart\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Merck<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Properties_of_Strong_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Properties of Strong Acids and Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strong_Acids-3\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strong Acids<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The most common properties of strong acids are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">They can release H+ ions in aqueous solutions (Arrhenius acid).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2184 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/db5c905800d80f3e5642e78018f6ae20.png\" alt=\"Arrhenius acid\" width=\"351\" height=\"280\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/db5c905800d80f3e5642e78018f6ae20.png 406w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/db5c905800d80f3e5642e78018f6ae20-300x239.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">They donate a proton (H+) to a base (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/science\/chemistry\/acids-and-bases-topic\/acids-and-bases\/a\/bronsted-lowry-acid-base-theory\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bronsted-Lowry acid)<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2182 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bronstedlowryacidbasereaction.png\" alt=\"(Bronsted-Lowry acid\" width=\"363\" height=\"181\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bronstedlowryacidbasereaction.png 600w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/bronstedlowryacidbasereaction-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 363px) 100vw, 363px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">They are able to receive electrons from a base (Lewis acid).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2183 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Untitled.jpg\" alt=\"(Lewis acid)\" width=\"372\" height=\"135\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Untitled.jpg 700w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/Untitled-300x109.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 372px) 100vw, 372px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Can catalyze chemical reaction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">able to conduct electricity.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The hydronium ions concentration is equal to the concentration of the acid.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">They are highly reactive and dangerous, so they must be handled carefully.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strong_Bases-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Strong Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The most common properties of strong bases :<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">They are good proton (hydrogen ion) acceptors and electron donors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">They can deprotonate weak acids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Their aqueous solutions are slippery and soapy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">They are less reactive and violent than acids.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">They undergo many chemical reactions, especially with organic compounds (ex: the most common reaction is saponification).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Difference_between_Strong_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Difference between Strong Acids and Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4816 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-11.webp\" alt=\"strong acids and bases\" width=\"580\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-11.webp 580w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Strong-Acids-and-Bases-11-300x197.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The main difference between strong acids and bases is that after the complete dissolving, strong acids give more hydrogen ions and the strong bases give more hydroxide ions in the solutions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Weak_Acids_and_Bases\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Weak Acids and Bases<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\" aem-GridColumn aem-GridColumn--default--12\">\n<div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">weak acids and bases are partially ionised in water. Examples of weak acids (citric acid and carbonic acid) \/ examples of weak alkalis (copper hydroxide and ammonia).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">when\u00a0 weak acids are dissolved in water, an equilibrium is happened between the weak acid concentrations and its constituent ions, so we can said that weak acids are not completely ionized in solution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, hydrofluoric acid HF is considered as weak acid. When dissolved in water, its ions exist in equilibrium with hydrogen ions<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which reacts with water to form hydronium, and\u00a0 flour <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ions. because the acids don&#8217;t completely dissociate into their ionic components, they are called weak acid in this case.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>HA + H<\/b><b>2<\/b><b>O <\/b><b>\u21cc<\/b><b> H<\/b><b>3<\/b><b>O<\/b><b>+<\/b><b> + A<\/b><b>\u2013<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The concept is the same in case of weak base; but, in weak base case, we can define a base that cannot completely ionize or accept hydrogen ions which found\u00a0 in the solution. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The base needs to be dissolved in solution to react with the acid and form an acid base pair. note that the base should break into its\u00a0 ions to react in the way it must.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> When weak base dissolved in water, the solution so, in this case we said that the weak base does not fully ionize as when it dissociated in water, the result solution contains a small amount of OH ions and a big amount of the nondissociated base.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ex: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the counterpart\u2019s of the base in ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) are ion of ammonia\u00a0 NH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and hydroxide ion OH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">; the ion of ammonia NH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">+<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 accepts the acidic hydrogen in solution; but, in case of\u00a0 weak base these ion do not dissolve completely so there is a mixture of the acid base pair and ammonium hydroxide NH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">OH.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>B + H<\/b><b>2<\/b><b>O <\/b><b>\u21cc<\/b><b> BH<\/b><b>+<\/b><b> + OH<\/b><b>\u2013<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><b>Try PraxiLabs <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-chemistry-lab\">Virtual Chemistry lab<\/a><\/b><b> for free now with over 45 different and unique experiments available.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Acids and Bases play a vital role in our life and all of the environment around us. When you brush your teeth with toothpaste or wash your hands with soap or take your coffee, you\u2019ve already experienced acids and bases. In chemistry, substances are classified as acids or bases or neutral, depending on some characteristics &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4583,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2175","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-chemistry"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2175"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4098,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2175\/revisions\/4098"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4583"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2175"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2175"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}