{"id":2279,"date":"2023-01-02T11:44:09","date_gmt":"2023-01-02T11:44:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.praxilabs.com\/?p=2279"},"modified":"2025-10-22T12:53:34","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T12:53:34","slug":"krebs-cycle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/","title":{"rendered":"The Krebs Cycle A Step-by-Step Explanation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">You&#8217;ve probably heard the phrase Krebs cycle thrown around before. If you&#8217;re at all interested in biology, general science, etc. Then you know that the Krebs cycle has a vital role inside our bodies. But what exactly is it? Why does it deserve such an important name? You know what I&#8217;m talking about \u2014 The Krebs Cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that help break down and release energy stored in food. The Krebs cycle is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the citric acid cycle. The Krebs cycle is often considered to be the central hub of cellular metabolism, performing many important biochemical reactions that ultimately produce ATP.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This article takes a closer look at the Krebs cycle steps, how it works, what is the purpose of it, its diagram, also<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">where does Krebs cycle occur, its products and more. Read our article and get all your questions answered with step by step explanations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4794 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-2.webp\" alt=\"The Krebs Cycle\" width=\"612\" height=\"549\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-2.webp 612w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-2-300x269.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#What_Is_the_Krebs_Cycle\" >What Is the Krebs Cycle?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Where_Does_the_Krebs_Cycle_Take_Place\" >Where Does the Krebs Cycle Take Place?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#The_Main_Purpose_of_Krebs_Cycle\" >The Main Purpose of Krebs Cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Krebs_Cycle_Diagram\" >Krebs Cycle Diagram<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Krebs_Cycle_Steps\" >Krebs Cycle Steps<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Step_1_Citrate_Formation\" >Step 1 ( Citrate Formation)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Step_2_Citrate_Isomers_Formation\" >Step 2 ( Citrate Isomers Formation)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Step_3_Isocitrate_decarboxylation_and_oxidation\" >Step 3 ( Isocitrate decarboxylation and oxidation)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Step_4_Succinyl-CoA_Formation\" >Step 4 ( Succinyl-CoA Formation)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Step_5_GTP_Production\" >Step 5 ( GTP Production)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#_Step_6_Fumarate_Formation\" >\u00a0 Step 6 (Fumarate Formation)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Step_7_Malate_Formation\" >Step 7 ( Malate Formation)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Step_8_Oxaloacetate_Formation\" >Step 8 (Oxaloacetate Formation)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Krebs_Cycle_Products\" >Krebs Cycle Products<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#_Krebs_Cycle_Equation_Krebs_cycle_formula\" >\u00a0Krebs Cycle Equation (Krebs cycle formula)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#_The_Role_of_Enzymes_in_Krebs_Cycle\" >\u00a0The Role of Enzymes in Krebs Cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Krebs_Cycle_Function\" >Krebs Cycle Function<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Regulation_of_Krebs_Cycle\" >Regulation of Krebs Cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Fast_Facts_about_Krebs_Cycle\" >Fast Facts about Krebs Cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#_Explore_the_Krebs_Cycle_Online_Krebs_Cycle_Virtual_Lab\" >\u00a0Explore the Krebs Cycle Online: Krebs Cycle Virtual Lab<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Krebs_Cycle_Demystified_Top_Questions_Explored\" >Krebs Cycle Demystified: Top Questions Explored!<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#What_is_the_Krebs_cycle_in_simple_terms\" >What is the Krebs cycle in simple terms?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#What_are_the_8_steps_of_the_TCA_cycle\" >What are the 8 steps of the TCA cycle?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#How_many_ATP_are_produced_in_the_Krebs_cycle\" >How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#What_is_the_difference_between_the_glycolysis_and_the_Krebs_cycle\" >What is the difference between the glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Why_is_the_Krebs_cycle_considered_aerobic\" >Why is the Krebs cycle considered aerobic?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#What_is_the_primary_purpose_of_the_Krebs_cycle\" >What is the primary purpose of the Krebs cycle?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#_The_Future_of_Education_is_Here_Discover_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Labs\" >\u00a0The Future of Education is Here: Discover PraxiLabs Virtual Labs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Personalized_Learning\" >Personalized Learning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Time_efficiency\" >Time efficiency<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Virtual_lab_partner_%E2%80%93_Oxi\" >Virtual lab partner &#8211; Oxi<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Immersive_and_interactive_digital_labs\" >Immersive and interactive digital labs\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#_Hints_window\" >\u00a0Hints window<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Wide_variety_of_labs\" >Wide variety of labs\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Model_answers_for_your_MCQs\" >Model answers for your MCQs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/01\/02\/krebs-cycle\/#Enhancing_the_educational_experience\" >Enhancing the educational experience<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_the_Krebs_Cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What Is the Krebs Cycle?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Krebs cycle definition is a sequence of chemical reactions that occur in the body. It is none of the most vital\u00a0<\/span>Metabolic Pathways that <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">starts with the intake of food, which is broken down into small molecules by the stomach and intestines. These molecules are then absorbed by the body through the small intestines and transported to the liver via the bloodstream. In the liver, the molecules are broken down further into smaller pieces called amino acids. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the next step of the cycle, these amino acids are converted into glucose through a series of chemical reactions called phosphorylation. Then, the glucose enters the main cells of the body and can be used for energy or can be stored as glycogen for later use. When the body needs more energy, it stores the excess glucose as glycogen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Glycogen is a form of starch stored in the liver and muscles that is used by the body for energy during periods of fasting or when no food is eaten for an extended period of time. If the body has excess energy after using up its supply of glycogen, it can then break down the remaining stored fat into fatty acids.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4795 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-3.webp\" alt=\"the mitochondrial matrix\" width=\"720\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-3.webp 720w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-3-300x139.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Where_Does_the_Krebs_Cycle_Take_Place\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Where Does the Krebs Cycle Take Place?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The Krebs cycle takes place exactly in (the mitochondrial matrix) and converts mitochondrial pyruvate into carbon dioxide and water. The mitochondrial matrix is a dense solution that surrounds the crests of the mitochondria. This matrix contains water, all the needed enzymes, coenzymes, and phosphates which are necessary for the Krebs cycle reactions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Main_Purpose_of_Krebs_Cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The Main Purpose of Krebs Cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Briefly the purpose of the Krebs cycle is to combine carbon dioxide and water using energy from the electron transport chain. The resulting molecules are then used for the purposes of <\/span>Energy Production in Cells <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and building cells.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4796 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-4.webp\" alt=\"electron transport chain\" width=\"768\" height=\"592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-4.webp 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-4-300x231.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">We can also say that the purpose of the Krebs cycle is to help cells convert glucose into energy and provide ATP, which is one unit of energy. The beginning of the end-products are very high energy and end up being used as ATP in your cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Note:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> ATP or adenosine triphosphate is a substance found in all living cells that is used to provide energy for many metabolic processes and also used for making RNA molecules. It is considered as a coenzyme that works with many enzymes inside our bodies.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4797 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-5.webp\" alt=\"ATP or adenosine triphosphate structure\" width=\"510\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-5.webp 510w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-5-300x196.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Glucose is a simple sugar that is found in most foods. Cells use glucose to make energy, which they need to do everything from stay alive to carrying out important chemical reactions.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krebs_Cycle_Diagram\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Krebs Cycle Diagram<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following diagram is Krebs cycle diagram in detail, showing the different steps, structures of the <\/span>Intermediates of Krebs Cycle,<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0the enzymes and coenzymes which catalyze each step in the <\/span>TCA Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4798 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-6.webp\" alt=\"Krebs Cycle Diagram\" width=\"850\" height=\"550\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-6.webp 850w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-6-300x194.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-6-768x497.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krebs_Cycle_Steps\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Krebs Cycle Steps<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Now we will get all your questions answered with step by step explanations of Krebs cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p data-pm-slice=\"1 1 []\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">TCA Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">begins by breaking down pyruvate and releasing CO2 as a byproduct. This carbon can then enter different pathways depending on what type of molecule it bonds with, either O2 or <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NAD+<\/a>. The results of this reaction are used for <\/span>ATP Generation <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">as well as for acetyl CoA formation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Look at the previous diagram and check the following steps!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Kreps cycle occurs over eight steps:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_1_Citrate_Formation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Step 1 ( Citrate Formation)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0\u00a0Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate in the presence of citrate synthase enzyme to form citrate or citric acid.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_2_Citrate_Isomers_Formation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Step 2 ( Citrate Isomers Formation)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the second step, citric acid is first converted to an intermediate compound called cis-aconitate, then converted to isocitrate which is an isomer of citrate in the presence of aconitase enzyme.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_3_Isocitrate_decarboxylation_and_oxidation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Step 3 ( Isocitrate decarboxylation and oxidation)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the third step, Isocitrate compound is oxidized to form alpha-ketoglutarate in the presence of isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme. As a result of this step, carbon dioxide is released (<\/span>Decarboxylation Reactions<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)and a NADH molecule is formed (<\/span>NADH Production<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_4_Succinyl-CoA_Formation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Step 4 ( Succinyl-CoA Formation)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the fourth step, the Alpha-ketoglutarate compound is oxidized and binds to coenzyme A, to form succinyl CoA in the presence of a-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase enzyme which liberates:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Second molecule of NADH.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbon dioxide.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proton.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_5_GTP_Production\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Step 5 ( GTP Production)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the fifth step, Succinyl CoA is converted to succinate compound in the presence of Succinyl-CoA synthetase enzyme which forms a molecule of GTP through the process of GDP phosphorylation. So we can consider that the result of this step is releasing GTP molecules, the Coenzyme A and also the formation of succinate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4799 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-7.webp\" alt=\"GTP structure\" width=\"525\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-7.webp 525w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-7-300x165.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 525px) 100vw, 525px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Step_6_Fumarate_Formation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u00a0 <\/span><b>Step 6 (Fumarate Formation)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the sixth step, succinate compound is oxidized and converted to fumarate in the presence of Succinate Dehydrogenase enzyme. In this step, FADH\u2082 molecule is produced (<\/span>FADH2 Production<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_7_Malate_Formation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Step 7 ( Malate Formation)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the seventh step, Fumarate compound is converted to malate in the presence of fumarase enzyme. In this step, H2O is incorporated to form the structure of the final product (malate) so we can consider fumarase enzyme as hydrolase enzyme.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Step_8_Oxaloacetate_Formation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Step 8 (Oxaloacetate Formation)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the eighth and final step, Malate compound is converted to oxaloacetate in the presence of malate Dehydrogenase enzyme. Here the NADH molecule no.3 in the cycle is produced.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">We will explain the role of each enzyme in the following paragraphs.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krebs_Cycle_Products\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Krebs Cycle Products<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The Krebs cycle is a series of chemical reactions that allow cells to use energy from carbohydrates. The cycle starts with the entry of glucose into the cell. This energy is used for different cellular processes such as synthesizing proteins and membranes and sustaining cellular functions. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">It\u00a0 produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products. In order to use the energy from glucose for these processes, it has to be converted into another type of energy\u2014in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This is the main form of energy storage in the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/07\/06\/cell-cycle-regulation-en\/\">cell cycle regulation<\/a> and provides the cells with the energy they need to carry out various processes. The energy produced by the conversion of glucose into ATP is called cellular respiration. The Krebs cycle is an essential part of the process of cellular respiration.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The Krebs cycle also produces NADH and FADH\u2082 molecules, which are used in oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP. It also produces two carbon dioxide molecules per turn (one CO2 is produced when 1 of the 4 carbons in the citric acid molecule is oxidized). The cycle produces 3 hydrogen ions (H+) during each turn.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">So we can say that the net of each Krebs cycle products are:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3 NADH molecules.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1 FADH\u2082 molecule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">1 GTP molecule.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">2 molecules of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide Release).<br \/>\n<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">3 (H+) hydrogen ions.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4800 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-8.webp\" alt=\"Krebs Cycle Products\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-8.webp 720w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-8-300x225.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Note:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> In the case of 1 molecule of glucose, there are 2 acetyl-CoA molecules entering the Krebs cycle, so the total energy (products of the Krebs cycle) are duplicated into 6 NADH molecules \/2 FADH\u2082 molecules \/ 2GTP molecules.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the electron transport chain, each NADH molecule gives 2-3 ATPs and each FADH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> molecule forms 2 ATPs on oxidation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Krebs_Cycle_Equation_Krebs_cycle_formula\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Krebs Cycle Equation (Krebs cycle formula)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The following equation is the total Krebs cycle equation or the Krebs cycle formula which describes all the results compound:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>2 acetyl groups + 6 NAD<\/b><b>+<\/b><b> + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 H20&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211; 4CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2ATP + 2 CoA<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Get a guided science lab simulation practice and go beyond the learning outcomes you&#8217;re looking for by using our PraxiLabs virtual labs.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><b>Join Praxilabs For Free Now!<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>How Much ATP does the Krebs Cycle Produce?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The short answer is one molecule of ATP \\ pyruvate molecule<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Each molecule of pyruvate\u00a0 enters citric acid cycle, forms one ATP molecule when succinyl-CoA converts to succinate in the presence of\u00a0 Succinyl CoA synthetase enzyme. and there are 2 molecules of pyruvate results from the process of (one glucose) glycolysis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">So, we will have 2 molecules of ATP by the end of Krebs cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_The_Role_of_Enzymes_in_Krebs_Cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0The Role of Enzymes in Krebs Cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Enzymes, which are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the body, are key players in the Krebs cycle and their role is essential for oxidative phosphorylation to occur. They regulate all the steps of the cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The most well-known enzymes that are involved in the Krebs cycle:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Citrate synthase enzyme<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Citrate synthase removes the acetyl group and then adds it to oxaloacetate compound to form citric acid.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Aconitase enzyme<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Aconitase transfers an oxygen atom to make a more reactive molecule of isocitrate.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Isocitrate dehydrogenase removes only one carbon atom to form carbon dioxide CO2 and also transfers the electrons to the NADH molecule.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase enzyme<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Alpha-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase removes only one carbon atom to form carbon dioxide CO2, also transfers the electrons to NADH molecule and the molecule remaining part is connected to coenzyme A.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Succinyl-CoA synthetase enzyme<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Because the bond between coenzyme A and succinate is unstable and needed to provide the energy for building ATP molecule, the succinyl-CoA synthetase enzyme is used to create the GTP molecule in the reaction (fifth step).<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Succinate Dehydrogenase enzyme<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Succinate dehydrogenase plays a role in the electron transport chain by extracting the atoms of hydrogen from succinate compounds and transferring them to the FAD molecule which acts as carrier.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Fumarase enzyme<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Fumarase adds a molecule of water to the molecule to prepare it for the last step of citric acid cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Malate dehydrogenase enzyme<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Malate dehydrogenase is used in the final step for oxaloacetate recreation and electrons transferring to NADH by converting malate compound to oxaloacetate compound.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krebs_Cycle_Function\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Krebs Cycle Function<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle plays a very important role in the production of energy and the molecules biosynthesis processes. The cycle ends the process of sugar-breaking which began in glycolysis and fuels the ATP production. It is also vital in the biosynthetic reactions by providing intermediates compounds that are used to synthesize important biological molecules like the amino acids. The cycle provides the electrons that fuel the oxid<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ative phosphorylation process which is considered as the major source of energy and ATP.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Regulation_of_Krebs_Cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Regulation of Krebs Cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The TCA Cycle is regulated by many factors:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Enzymes, there are 3 major dehydrogenase enzymes are used for regulation in Krebs pathway:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Pyruvate Dehydrogenase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Isocitrate Dehydrogenase.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Metabolites, such as NADH which inhibits the majority of the enzymes found in the Krebs cycle and can slow and stop the process of glycolysis before the release of too much energy by the process of gluconeogenesis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Another important regulator is citrate, which inhibits phosphofructokinase and is considered as a very vital enzyme in the glycolysis process. citrate decreases the production of pyruvate and therefore acetyl-CoA (an important precursor for fat synthesis.)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Calcium also plays a role in the regulation of the citric acid cycle as it stimulates the link reaction and then accelerates the cycle.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-4801 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-9-300x300.webp\" alt=\"Fast Facts about Krebs Cycle\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-9-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-9-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/The-Krebs-Cycle-9.webp 612w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fast_Facts_about_Krebs_Cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Fast Facts about Krebs Cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The Krebs cycle is a cycle and a cyclic process. but it different from any other type of fuel cells as they are cyclic and rely on oxygen to synthesize energy instead of using oxygen transported by breathing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> The Krebs cycle gets its name because it was discovered by a scientist named <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hans Adolf Krebs<\/a> in 1937.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Krebs cycle is a metabolic pathway. It&#8217;s really a series of reactions that occur in both plant and animal cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The Krebs Cycle describes the last step of cellular respiration wherein glucose, with the help of oxygen from the lungs or bloodstream, is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the first part of the cellular respiration, glycolysis occurs where one molecule of glucose converts into two molecules of pyruvate. These two molecules then enter the citric acid cycle which results in the formation of CO2, NADH and FADH2. They are then transported through oxidative phosphorylation to form ATP (producing 36 ATP per glucose molecule at maximum efficiency).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Vitamins like thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic and niacin play a vital role in the TCA cycle, as a part of various enzyme cofactors like FAD, NAD molecules and coenzyme A.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Krebs cycle is known as an amphibolic (both anabolic and catabolic pathway) process because in the cycle both anabolism and catabolism occur.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The Krebs Cycle is a part of cellular respiration which helps cells break down food to create energy. This process is called oxidation. The food that we eat and drink provides our bodies with energy in the form of glucose.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Glucose enters the cell by diffusion and this can occur at the plasma membrane or the lysosome membrane.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Once the sugar molecule reaches the cell membrane, the cell membrane protein pumps the sugar into the cell, across the cell wall, and into the intracellular space. Once inside the cell, the sugar is broken down through a series of reactions &#8220;the citric acid cycle&#8221;.<\/span><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>PraxiLabs provides more than 50 <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-biology-lab\">virtual <\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-biology-lab\">biology lab<\/a> simulations that you can access anywhere and anytime.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Explore_the_Krebs_Cycle_Online_Krebs_Cycle_Virtual_Lab\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Explore the Krebs Cycle Online: Krebs Cycle Virtual Lab<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Virtual lab simulations can provide a hands-on and immersive way to explore and understand Krebs cycle. Also, you can find interactive cellular respiration models to enrich your understanding of the cellular respiration process.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">These virtual labs offer an opportunity to understand that the Krebs cycle is crucial for understanding how energy is produced in cells. It is essential for the proper functioning of cells, thereby enhancing the learning experience by making it more interactive and engaging.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These virtual labs also enrich the experimentation process through visual aids that guide the students through the process. Students no longer get stuck but rather enjoy the help of a virtual lab partner when needed, while also receiving guidance to prevent wrong choices. Moreover, students are quickly tested on the basic results of their experiment to ensure an enhanced learning experience.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If you&#8217;re interested in conducting virtual lab experiments to explore the Krebs cycle further online, you can find many resources offering a range of interactive and immersive <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-science-simulations\">3D science experiments<\/a> simulations. Additionally, there are educational platforms that provide virtual lab experiences for biology.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Krebs_Cycle_Demystified_Top_Questions_Explored\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Krebs Cycle Demystified: Top Questions Explored!<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Krebs_cycle_in_simple_terms\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the Krebs cycle in simple terms?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In simple terms, Krebs cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that help in breaking down and releasing energy stored in food through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA which is derived from carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and alcohol. The Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle is the central hub of cellular metabolism, performing many vital biochemical reactions that ultimately produce ATP.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_8_steps_of_the_TCA_cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What are the 8 steps of the TCA cycle?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Step 1 (Citrate Formation).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Step 2 (Citrate Isomer Formation).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Step 3 (Isocitrate decarboxylation and oxidation).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Step 4 (Succinyl-CoA Formation).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Step 5 (GTP Production).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Step 6 (Fumarate Formation).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Step 7 (Malate Formation).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Step 8 (Oxaloacetate Formation).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_many_ATP_are_produced_in_the_Krebs_cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>How many ATP are produced in the Krebs cycle?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Two molecules of ATP are produced by the end of Krebs cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_difference_between_the_glycolysis_and_the_Krebs_cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the difference between the glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Glycolysis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is an anaerobic process, and it is the first step of respiration, which occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. In glycolysis, partial breakdown (oxidation) of glucose occurs, which produces two molecules of pyruvic acid.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The Krebs Cycle <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is an aerobic process, and it is the second step of aerobic respiration which occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. It gives Carbon dioxide after complete oxidation of pyruvic acid formed during glycolysis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_the_Krebs_cycle_considered_aerobic\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Why is the Krebs cycle considered aerobic?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Because some products of krebs cycle have to be oxidized. Krebs cycle produces 8 molecules of NADH plus 2 molecules of FADH2 (via succinate dehydrogenase) in the mitochondrial matrix. During electron transport through the inner mitochondrial membrane, NADH and FADH2 pump electrons through a series of electron transport proteins to final acceptor oxygen.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">This electron transport chain ensures availability of NAD and FAD for the next round of Krebs cycle. If these reducing agents are not available, the pyruvate in anaerobic respiration pathway. So, to maintain continuity of the Krebs cycle, oxidation of NADH and FADH2 by oxygen is prerequisite, and the cycle is considered aerobic.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_primary_purpose_of_the_Krebs_cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the primary purpose of the Krebs cycle?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The primary purpose of the Krebs cycle is to oxidize acetyl-CoA in order to produce energy in the form of ATP and to generate electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) for the electron transport chain.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_The_Future_of_Education_is_Here_Discover_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Labs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0The Future of Education is Here: Discover PraxiLabs Virtual Labs<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/\">virtual lab simulation<\/a>s enhance the learning experience and outcomes by providing our students with an interactive and immersive educational environment<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Personalized_Learning\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Personalized Learning<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs simulations provide several features for more personalized learning such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0The progress report<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: allows teachers to see how well their students are doing, track their progress in each experiment, and gain insights into their performance. It also shows any stages that have been skipped during the experiment.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0For example: <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/dna-extraction-virtual-lab-biology-simulation\">DNA extraction<\/a> has 3 stages. The feature captures any stages that have been skipped by the student in each attempt. It helps to know the number of times the student has asked our lab partner \u201cOxi\u201d to know the next step and the last step that the student stopped at, helping to identify students who may be struggling with certain steps or who might need more help in order to complete the experiment.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Skipping ahead: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">brings students a more user-centered, focused, and personalized learning experience. Students can skip certain experiment steps if they are already familiar with them. A list of the experiment milestones will allow them to select and focus on the stages they want to understand better.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Time_efficiency\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Time efficiency<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By using <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-labs\">virtual labs<\/a>, you can save more time and effort, as they eliminate the need to move between different laboratories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">For example, the experiment (<a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/Production-of-Monoclonal-Antibodies\">production of monoclonal antibodies<\/a> \u2013 Hybridoma) is considered one of the most important and longest experiments in immunology. It requires several months and many equipment and techniques, which makes its implementation difficult in real laboratories.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Therefore, PraxiLabs virtual laboratories offer a 3D simulation of this experiment that enables you to conduct it quickly and from anywhere. It also provides you with the opportunity to practice repeating the steps without having to enter the real lab more than once.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Virtual_lab_partner_%E2%80%93_Oxi\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Virtual lab partner &#8211; Oxi<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs\u2019 lab assistant, Oxi is a virtual lab partner providing guidance and support to students throughout their learning journey. Oxi can offer hints and explanations, provide additional resources to enhance students\u2019 understanding, and facilitate independent learning.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Immersive_and_interactive_digital_labs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Immersive and interactive digital labs\u00a0<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs integrates virtual laboratories with immersive digital lab experiences, allowing educational institutes to benefit from the power of virtual labs in teaching science.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Hints_window\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Hints window<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Another feature for a more interactive experience, is if the experiment is left without taking any action for over 45 seconds, a speech bubble will appear to guide you to the next step or to the \u201cmenu button\u201d for more support and materials.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Wide_variety_of_labs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Wide variety of labs\u00a0<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs offers a wide variety of labs from different science branches, providing a broad spectrum of learning opportunities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">We provide virtual lab simulations in:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Biology and its sub-disciplines:\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Molecular Biology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Immunology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Toxicology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Biochemistry.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cell Culture.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Genetics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Microbiology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Microscopy.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Proteomics.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Pharmacology.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Physiology.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Model_answers_for_your_MCQs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Model answers for your MCQs<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">It is one of the features we provide to our clients for enhancing the educational experience. It reinforces students&#8217; knowledge and educational experience and corrects any mistakes. It lets them check if the answers are right or wrong and receive the scores and the model answer immediately.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Enhancing_the_educational_experience\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Enhancing the educational experience<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs aims to provide a realistic experience in virtual labs. We strive to create an environment that closely simulates real-world laboratory settings and enhances the educational experience.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VBI5Bu-YKxo\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><b>Teach your students biology lab experiments in the best way using PraxiLabs\u2019 virtual lab experiments in biology to enhance their learning experience.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We provide a diverse catalog of virtual biology practical simulations, allowing\u00a0 students to practice the same virtual biology practical simulation for an unlimited number of times, with 0% risk and 100% supervision, <\/span>across various sub-disciplines of biology:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Molecular Biology Experiments<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Here are some examples of the virtual lab experiments available:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">DNA Extraction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Conventional PCR.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of DNA.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/real-time-pcr-virtual-lab-simulation\">Real Time PCR<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">RNA Extraction.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">cDNA Synthesis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">DNA Sequencing.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">DNA Microarray.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/western-blot-biology-virtual-lab-simulation\">Western Blot<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">2D Protein Electrophoresis (Isoelectric Point Focusing, PAGE).\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Protein Electrophoresis (Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis-PAGE).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cloning-DNA Isolation and Restriction Digestion.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cloning &#8211; Transformation.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cloning-Blue and White Screening.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cloning-Growth and Isolation of Plasmid DNA using the Alkaline Lysis Method.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cloning-DNA Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Digested Plasmid and Selection for Sequencing.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Microbiology Lab Experiments<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Here are some examples of the virtual lab experiments available:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/gram-staining-technique-virtual-lab-simulation\">Gram Stain<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Ziehl-Neelsen Staining Technique.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cultivation and Preparation of the Virus in Chick Embryo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Preparation of Washed Red Blood Cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Haemagglutination Tests.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Bacterial Plating Out Technique Experiment (Streak plate method).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/catalase-test-virtual-lab-simulation\">Catalase Test<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Oxidase Test.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Coagulase Test.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Antibiotic Sensitivity Test (Disc Diffusion Method).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Indole Test.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Spread Plate Technique.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Urease Test.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Widal Test.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Pharmacology Experiments<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Here are some examples of the virtual lab experiments available:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Adherent Cell Culturing using Mammalian Cell Lines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Viability Assay Using Tetrazolium Salt XTT.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Cell Viability by the Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay (LDH).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Cell Viability by the Alamar Blue Assay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Histone H2AX Phosphorylation Assay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro 8-Hydroxydeoxy Guanosine (8-OHdG) Assay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Bromodeoxyuridin (BrdU) Assay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Annexin V Assay.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Mammalian Cells COMET Assay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In-Vitro Chromosomal Aberrations Test.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Caspase 3 Activity Assay.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Fluorescein Diacetate\/Propidium Iodide (FDA\/PI) Staining Assay.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Neutral Red Uptake Assay.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Acid Phosphatase Assay for Cell Viability.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Biochemistry Lab Experiments<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are some examples of the virtual lab experiments available:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Total Protein Estimation (Bradford).\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">High Performance Liquid Chromatography- Protein (HPLC).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Building a Model for Catalytic Interactions.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Polarographic Oxygen Respirometry (Bioenergetics).\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Immunology Lab Experiments<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Here are some examples of the virtual lab experiments available:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Elispot assay (Dot ELISA).\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Flow Cytometry &#8211; Cell Cycle.\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Immunofluorescence Assay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Production of Monoclonal Antibodies (mAB)-Hybridomas Technique.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Physiology Virtual Experiments \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Our virtual lab experiments in physiology can cover a wide range of topics, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Red Blood Cell Count.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/amylase-test-virtual-lab\">Amylase test<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Safety Laboratory<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn all safety instructions and precautions, including safety signs, material safety, data sheets, and more in our safety lab simulation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>with PraxiLabs\u2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-chemistry-lab\">virtual chemistry lab<\/a>s you can elevate your students\u2019 Learning Retention and Engagement !<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/request-free-demo\"><b>Request A Free Demo Now!<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>You&#8217;ve probably heard the phrase Krebs cycle thrown around before. If you&#8217;re at all interested in biology, general science, etc. Then you know that the Krebs cycle has a vital role inside our bodies. But what exactly is it? Why does it deserve such an important name? You know what I&#8217;m talking about \u2014 The &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4580,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-biology"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2279"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5456,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2279\/revisions\/5456"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}