{"id":2379,"date":"2023-03-09T10:40:12","date_gmt":"2023-03-09T10:40:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.praxilabs.com\/?p=2379"},"modified":"2025-09-17T11:01:52","modified_gmt":"2025-09-17T11:01:52","slug":"xtt-assay-simulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/","title":{"rendered":"Discover XTT Assay Virtual Lab Simulation from PraxiLabs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The XTT assay is an assay used for cellular metabolic activity measuring as an indicator of cell cytotoxicity, viability and proliferation.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">XTT assay stands for (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) which is a tetrazolium-based compound. XTT is a colorless or slightly yellow compound and becomes brightly orange when reduced.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article we will explain XTT assay experiment virtual lab from PaxiLabs in detail, to understand the XTT assay protocol, principle, procedures, the results and the importance of the experiment.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before talking about the XTT assay experiment from PraxiLabs. Let&#8217;s talk an overview about cytotoxicity<\/span> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2389 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/xtt-cytotoxicity-test-cell-viability-test.jpg\" alt=\"xtt cytotoxicity test\" width=\"764\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/xtt-cytotoxicity-test-cell-viability-test.jpg 800w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/xtt-cytotoxicity-test-cell-viability-test-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/xtt-cytotoxicity-test-cell-viability-test-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/xtt-cytotoxicity-test-cell-viability-test-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 764px) 100vw, 764px\" \/> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cytotoxicity is the toxicity caused by the chemotherapeutic agent&#8217;s action on living <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/07\/06\/cell-cycle-regulation-en\/\">cells<\/a>.\u00a0Cytotoxicity can be caused by the drug itself, such as through the disruption of DNA synthesis, repair or transcription; or by its breakdown products or metabolites. Cytotoxicity tests are very important specifically in nanoparticles because they help in the determination of the proposed biomedical use.<\/span> Cytotoxicity refers to the amount of damage a chemotherapeutic agent causes to cells. <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are many methods involved for cytotoxicity and cell viability determination like:<\/span> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2394 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/MTT-Assay.jpg\" alt=\"\u00a0MTT assay\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dyes that used to differentiate the various cells depending on the colors (based on the color uptake ratio of both living and dead cells). For example: Alamar Blue, trypan Blue and neutral red.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0MTT assay<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">XTT assay<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dehydrogenase-based assay\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">WST assay<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cytotoxicity assays are common and used by the pharmaceutical industry for many vital purposes:<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Screening for cytotoxicity in compound libraries.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In Nanotechnology, it can be used to look for cytotoxic nanomaterials and detecting if they are interested in developing a nanomedicine that targets rapidly dividing cancer cells.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cytotoxicity can also be monitored by measuring the reducing potential of the cells using a colorimetric reaction, or using ATP content as a marker of viability. Such <a href=\"https:\/\/worldwide.promega.com\/resources\/guides\/cell-biology\/atp-assays\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ATP-based assays<\/a> include bioluminescent assays in which ATP is the limiting reagent for the luciferase reaction. A label-free approach to follow the cytotoxic response of adherent animal cells in real-time provides the kinetics of the cytotoxic response rather than just a snapshot like many colorimetric endpoint assays.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#XTT_Assay_Principle\" >XTT Assay Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#Uses_of_XTT_Assay\" >Uses of XTT Assay<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#XTT_proliferation_assay\" >XTT proliferation assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#XTT_biofilm_assay\" >XTT biofilm assay<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#XTT_Assay_Protocol\" >XTT Assay Protocol<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#In_Vitro_Viability_Assay_Using_Tetrazolium_Salt_XTT_Simulation_from_PraxiLabs\" >In Vitro Viability Assay Using Tetrazolium Salt XTT Simulation from PraxiLabs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#Method\" >Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#Devices_and_Reagents_Included_in_XTT_Assay_Experiment\" >Devices and Reagents Included in XTT Assay Experiment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#XTT_Assay_Procedures_and_Steps\" >XTT Assay Procedures and Steps<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/03\/09\/xtt-assay-simulation\/#Results\" >Results<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"XTT_Assay_Principle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>XTT Assay Principle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2390 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Protocol.png\" alt=\"xtt assay principle\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Protocol.png 900w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Protocol-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Protocol-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">XTT assay principle depends on the fact that the mitochondria which are found in the cellular cytoplasm have many enzymes. Among these, a specific enzyme system called \u2018succinate-tetrazolium reductase&#8217; system that belongs to the mitochondrial respiratory chain and is only active in viable cells.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">XTT assay experiment aims to test the activity of the enzymatic system (the viability of cultured cells) and measures this activity in nanoparticles-treated cells in comparison with the control untreated-cells.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uses_of_XTT_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Uses of XTT Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">To assay cell viability, cytotoxicity, or cell proliferation which is very common practice, we use tetrazolium salts, including XTT (2, 3-Bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carbox-anilide)<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"XTT_proliferation_assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>XTT proliferation assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The XTT proliferation assay was first discovered in 1988 and it is now an effective method for measuring drug sensitivity and cell growth in tumor cell lines.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"XTT_biofilm_assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>XTT biofilm assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0XTT biofilm assay or the tetrazolium salt assay\u00a0 is commonly used as a test to examine and determine the impact of biofilm therapies and estimate viable biofilm growth (XTT biofilm assay)<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"XTT_Assay_Protocol\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>XTT Assay Protocol<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">XTT cell viability assay protocol aims to test the cultured cells viability after exposure to different nanoparticles with geometric concentration.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the presence of the succinate -tetrazolium reductase system in the active cells mitochondria, a Cleavage of the tetrazolium salt to formazan occurs.<\/span> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2391 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Protocol-REACTION.png\" alt=\"a Cleavage of the tetrazolium salt to formazan - xtt assay protocol\" width=\"456\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Protocol-REACTION.png 456w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Protocol-REACTION-300x100.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 456px) 100vw, 456px\" \/> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The yellow tetrazolium salt (XTT) is converted or cleaved to formazan a soluble orange dye and can be measured by absorbance at 490 (or 450) nm in a microplate reader.<\/span> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2393 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/xtt-cell-viability-assay-protocol.jpg\" alt=\"xtt cell viability assay protocol\" width=\"269\" height=\"200\" \/> \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Viability_Assay_Using_Tetrazolium_Salt_XTT_Simulation_from_PraxiLabs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Viability Assay Using Tetrazolium Salt XTT Simulation from PraxiLabs<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2387\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/In-Vitro-Viability-Assay-Using-Tetrazolium-Salt-XTT-Simulation-from-PraxiLabs.png\" alt=\"In Vitro Viability Assay Using Tetrazolium Salt XTT Simulation from PraxiLabs\" width=\"1366\" height=\"659\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/In-Vitro-Viability-Assay-Using-Tetrazolium-Salt-XTT-Simulation-from-PraxiLabs.png 1366w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/In-Vitro-Viability-Assay-Using-Tetrazolium-Salt-XTT-Simulation-from-PraxiLabs-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/In-Vitro-Viability-Assay-Using-Tetrazolium-Salt-XTT-Simulation-from-PraxiLabs-1024x494.png 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/In-Vitro-Viability-Assay-Using-Tetrazolium-Salt-XTT-Simulation-from-PraxiLabs-768x371.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1366px) 100vw, 1366px\" \/> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We provide 3D virtual lab simulation (<a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/xtt-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">In Vitro Colorimetric Analysis of Cell Viability by XTT Assay<\/a>) for post-graduate students.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of the simulation they will be able to do and understand the following:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Adding the XTT reagent to cells and reading the results by using the microplate reader after the process of cell incubation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Reading the results of XTT assay and calculating the percent of cell viability after exposure to different doses of tested chemical(s).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Calculate the tested chemicals concentration and then prepare them in the cell culture medium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Remove the old medium and add the new medium that contains the tested chemicals in the appropriate wells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Count cells under the microscope and check the confluence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try to dilute cells to a specific count that is suitable for seeding in the 96-well plate.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Method\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Method<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In Vitro Colorimetric Analysis of Cell Viability by XTT Assay<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Devices_and_Reagents_Included_in_XTT_Assay_Experiment\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Devices and Reagents Included in XTT Assay Experiment<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><b>Devices:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laminar airflow.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Centrifuge.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microscope.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CO2 incubator.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cell counting chamber (Neubauer Slide).<\/span> <b>\u00a0Reagents &amp; Consumables:<\/b> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">T-25 tissue culture flasks.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variable automatic pipettes (1-10, 20-200, and 100-1000\u00b5l).<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">96-well plates.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">8-multichannel pipette.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variable automatic pipettes (1-10, 20-200, and 100-1000\u00b5l).<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pipette aid.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Filter-tips (1-10, 20-200, and 100-1000\u00b5l).<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sterile (or autoclaved) blue and yellow tips.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DMEM Medium with phenol red, high glucose and L-glutamine.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DMEM with high glucose and L- glutamine, without phenol red.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Penicillin<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amphotericin B solution.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Streptomycin<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Trypsin 10x and Trypsin 1x.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS).<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sterile Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS).<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Electron coupling agents, such as phenazine methosulfate (PMS).<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">XTT sodium salt.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"XTT_Assay_Procedures_and_Steps\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>XTT Assay Procedures and Steps<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2392 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Procedures-and-Steps.jpg\" alt=\"XTT Assay Procedures and Steps\" width=\"612\" height=\"433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Procedures-and-Steps.jpg 612w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/XTT-Assay-Procedures-and-Steps-300x212.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 612px) 100vw, 612px\" \/> Performing XTT assay experiment takes about 3 days:- <b>Day One:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Discard the used media of the T-25 tissue culture flask in the waste container.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Wash cells by pipetting 5 ml of the balanced salt solution without calcium and magnesium to the side of the vessel opposite the attached cell layer to avoid disturbing the cell layer.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gently, move the vessel back and forth several times.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Note: The step of washing removes any traces of calcium, magnesium and serum that may inhibit the action of the trypsin dissociating reagent.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Remove and discard the wash solution from the culture flask in the waste container.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Note:\u00a0 Repeat the wash step one more time.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"5\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> trypsinize one T-25 flask by adding 1 ml of trypsin\/EDTA 1x solution to the T-25 flask.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Incubate the flask in a CO2 incubator for 5 minutes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> After incubation, observe the trypsinized cells under the inverted light microscope to be sure that 90% of cells were already detached from the flask.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Note: In case of cells with less than 90% detached, the incubation time should be increased (few minutes), and check the dissociation every 30 seconds. Also, tap the vessel to speed up cell detachment.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"9\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> After cell detachment, add 5 ml of complete media to trypsinized cells to stop trypsinization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Collect the loosed and detached cells carefully by pipetting the medium up and down several times over the cell layer surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Collect the trypsinized cells from the T-25 flask with a pipette and put them in a 15 ml falcon tube.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Put the falcon tube on the centrifuge at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes at 25 Celsius.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Remove the supernatant media from the falcon tube by pipetting.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Note: Be careful to not disturb the pellet while removing the supernatant.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"15\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Resuspend the pelleted cells in the falcon tube by adding 1 ml of complete media by up and down pipetting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> In a new Eppendorf tube, take 10 \u00b5l of re-suspended cells and 40 \u00b5l trypan blue stain and mix by pipetting, then put 10 \u00b5l of mixed solution in Neubauer counting chamber.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Note: Remember to incubate the falcon tube in the CO2 incubator while counting the cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"17\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Count the cells in the peripheral 4 squares under an upright light microscope and calculate their mean count. Use in the following formula:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cell count\/ml = Mean of cell count (in the 4 large squares) x Dilution factor x 10E+04 (104)<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example: if the counts of the 4 peripheral squares were 73, 75, 85, and 87, then their mean= (73+75+85+87) \/ 4 = 320\/4 = 80.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Total count of cells\/ml = 80 * 5 * 104 = 400 * 104 (4 Million cells per milliliter).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"19\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> For seeding the cells in the 96-well plate, pipette 9.9 ml of complete media in a new tube and add to it 100 \u00b5l of cells (Contains 400,000 cells) and mix carefully.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Pour the mixture into the pipette basin. Use an 8-channel pipette to aliquote 100 \u00b5l of re-suspended cells (4000 cells) into each well of the 96-well plate columns, except in the first column which will be considered as<a href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC3011273\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> the Non-Cell Control (NCC)<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Note: To avoid poor replicates among wells, ensure no bubbles are present inside the wells, check the accuracy of pipettes, and pipette cells volume accurately.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"21\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Incubate the whole plate in a CO2 incubator for 24-48 hours.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Day Two:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"23\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> From 10 \u00b5g\/\u00b5l stock solution of titanium oxide, silver, and iron oxide (magnetite) nanoparticles (NPs), prepare the following concentrations for each NP according to the following table. Take with a micropipette the desired volumes of stock solution and complete medium and mix them in a new tube for each concentration:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<table style=\"width: 86.205%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.31973%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1327%;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><b>Concentration of<\/b> <b>NPs<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8478%;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><b>The volume of Stock<\/b> <b>Solution<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.3044%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The volume of Complete Medium<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.31973%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>1.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1327%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">100 \u00b5g<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8478%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">50 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.3044%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">450 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.31973%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>2<\/b><b>.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1327%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">50 \u00b5g<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8478%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">25 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.3044%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">475 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.31973%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>3.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1327%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">25 \u00b5g<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8478%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">12.5 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.3044%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">487.5 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.31973%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>4.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1327%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">12.5 \u00b5g<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8478%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">6.25 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.3044%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">493.75 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.31973%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>5.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1327%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">6.25 \u00b5g<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8478%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">3.125 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.3044%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">496.875 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.31973%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>6.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1327%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Vehicle Control<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8478%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">50 \u00b5l (Distilled Water)<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.3044%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">450 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 5.31973%;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>7.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25.1327%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">NCC<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 34.8478%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">&#8212;&#8212;<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 66.3044%;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">500 \u00b5l<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"25\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Take out the 96-well plate from the incubator. In the laminar airflow hood carefully aspirate the old media from plate wells by the 8-channel pipette.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Aliquote 100 \u00b5l of each prepared nanoparticles concentrations into 4 wells only using a micropipette, according to the following scheme:<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2386\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/nanoparticles-concentrations.png\" alt=\"xtt cell viability assay protocol - nanoparticles concentrations.\" width=\"1605\" height=\"1077\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/nanoparticles-concentrations.png 1605w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/nanoparticles-concentrations-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/nanoparticles-concentrations-1024x687.png 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/nanoparticles-concentrations-768x515.png 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/nanoparticles-concentrations-1536x1031.png 1536w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/nanoparticles-concentrations-110x75.png 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1605px) 100vw, 1605px\" \/> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Where, (NCC = Non-Cell Control; Wells 1A to 1H), (VC = Vehicle Control; Wells 2A to 2H), (T1 = nano-zinc oxide treatment; Wells 3A to 5D), (T2 = nano-titanium oxide treatment; Wells 5E to 7H), (T3 = nano-silver treatment; Wells 8A to 10D), and (T4 = nano- iron oxide treatment 4; Wells 10E to 12H).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"27\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Incubate the treated plate in the incubator for 24 -48 hours.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Day Three:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"30\">\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Remove cultures from the incubator into a laminar flow hood.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Prepare XTT Working Solution immediately before use by adding and dissolving 5 mg XTT salt in 5 ml of complete medium (1 mg\/ml) inside a falcon tube.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Prepare the XTT working solution by adding 10 \u00b5l of phenazine methosulfate (electron coupling agent) to the XTT salt solution prepared in the previous step.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Add 50 uL of XTT working solution to each well of the 96-well plate using the multichannel pipette.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Before work, clean the work surface of the laminar airflow with 70% ethanol.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Cover the plate and place it inside the microplate reader. Read absorbance at 450 nm using a multi-well plate reader, with a reference wavelength of 690 nm (to correct for fingerprints, smudges, etc. on the plate lid).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Save your time now and <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\">try the simulation<\/a>!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Results\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Results<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The student takes out the microplate from the multi-well plate reader. The microplate should look like the following:<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2385\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/The-microplate-reader-XTT-assay.png\" alt=\"The microplate reader XTTa ssay\" width=\"1708\" height=\"1158\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/The-microplate-reader-XTT-assay.png 1708w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/The-microplate-reader-XTT-assay-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/The-microplate-reader-XTT-assay-1024x694.png 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/The-microplate-reader-XTT-assay-768x521.png 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/The-microplate-reader-XTT-assay-1536x1041.png 1536w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/The-microplate-reader-XTT-assay-110x75.png 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1708px) 100vw, 1708px\" \/><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Calculation<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From the absorbance readings of the <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1155\/2018\/1062562\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">nano-zinc oxide treatment<\/a>, calculate the viability according to the following equation:<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Averaged absorbance of each set of treated samples<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viability %=\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;- <\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">x 100<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Averaged absorbance of Vehicle control (VC) samples<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span> <b>\u00a0Remember that:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The lower viability percentages point to how toxic the concentration of tested nanoparticles on the tested cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The dose of 50% viability percent is considered as the LC<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">50<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of tested nanoparticles on certain cell lines.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The much higher viability percentages point to how much safer the nanoparticles are in vitro.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">If the blanks absorbance is high, this may mean that the culture medium contains a reducing agent and in this case an alternative medium should be used.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\">Create your free account<\/a> now and try our virtual lab simulations that come with exciting features to make Learning Accessible for All Learners and to drive more value!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The XTT assay is an assay used for cellular metabolic activity measuring as an indicator of cell cytotoxicity, viability and proliferation. XTT assay stands for (2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide) which is a tetrazolium-based compound. XTT is a colorless or slightly yellow compound and becomes brightly orange when reduced. In this article we will explain XTT assay experiment virtual &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4559,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[6,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2379","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-biology","category-virtual-learning"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2379"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5323,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2379\/revisions\/5323"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4559"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}