{"id":2483,"date":"2023-05-24T07:40:07","date_gmt":"2023-05-24T07:40:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.praxilabs.com\/?p=2483"},"modified":"2025-08-22T21:13:17","modified_gmt":"2025-08-22T21:13:17","slug":"what-is-molecular-biology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Molecular Biology (With +35 Molecular Biology Experiments by PraxiLabs)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Molecular biology of the cell involves different macromolecules or biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA and RNA (nucleic acids) and amino acids. <\/span>Molecular biology studies <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">their chemical and physical structures, compositions, modification, mechanisms, interactions, and functions which are essential and vital to life processes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this article, you will learn more about what is molecular biology, its techniques, how does it provide evidence for evolution,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">what is molecular biology central dogma? and a list of more than 35 molecular biology virtual lab experiments introduced by PraxiLabs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-2489\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/what-is-molecular-biology.jpg\" alt=\"What is Molecular Biology?\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/what-is-molecular-biology.jpg 2000w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/what-is-molecular-biology-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/what-is-molecular-biology-1024x614.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/what-is-molecular-biology-768x461.jpg 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/what-is-molecular-biology-1536x922.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_is_Molecular_Biology\" >What is Molecular Biology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#History_of_Molecular_Biology\" >History of Molecular Biology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_is_the_Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biology\" >What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Information_about_Gene\" >Information about Gene<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Molecular_Biology_Techniques\" >Molecular Biology Techniques<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Polymerase_Chain_Reaction_PCR\" >Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Gel_Electrophoresis\" >Gel Electrophoresis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#DNA_Cloning\" >DNA Cloning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Cell_culture\" >Cell culture<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#DNA_Extraction\" >DNA Extraction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Latest_Molecular_Biology_Studies_Advances_in_CRISPR_Technology\" >Latest Molecular Biology Studies | Advances in CRISPR Technology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Molecular_Biology_Demystified_Your_Top_FAQs_Answered\" >Molecular Biology Demystified: Your Top FAQs Answered<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_is_the_basis_of_molecular_biology\" >What is the basis of molecular biology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_is_an_interesting_fact_about_molecular_biology_Scientists_did_not_know_DNA_contained_genes_until_1943_Prior_to_that_they_believed_that_genes_were_stored_in_proteins_If_all_the_DNA_stored_within_your_body_was_placed_side_by_side_in_a_chain_it_would_be_600_times_longer_than_the_distance_from_the_Earth_to_the_Sun_and_back\" >What is an interesting fact about molecular biology? \nScientists did not know DNA contained genes until 1943. Prior to that, they believed that genes were stored in proteins. \nIf all the DNA stored within your body was placed side by side in a chain, it would be 600 times longer than the distance from the Earth to the Sun and back.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_does_molecular_biology_look_at\" >What does molecular biology look at?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_are_the_basic_principles_of_molecular_biology\" >What are the basic principles of molecular biology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_are_common_molecular_biology_techniques\" >What are common molecular biology techniques?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_is_the_central_dogma_of_molecular_biology\" >What is the central dogma of molecular biology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_is_the_classical_period_of_molecular_biology\" >What is the classical period of molecular biology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#What_is_Molecular_Biology_of_Cell_Determination\" >What is Molecular Biology of Cell Determination?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#How_does_Molecular_Biology_Provide_Evidence_for_Evolution\" >How does Molecular Biology Provide Evidence for Evolution?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#According_to_evolution_theory_evolution_refers_to_the_alteration_in_a_species_traits_over_a_big_number_of_generations_and_depends_on_a_method_called_%E2%80%9Cthe_natural_selection%E2%80%9D_The_theory_said_that_%E2%80%9CAll_species_are_related_to_one_another_and_change_over_time%E2%80%9D\" >According to evolution theory, evolution refers to the alteration in a species&#8217; traits over a big number of generations and depends on a method called &#8220;the natural selection&#8221;. The theory said that &#8220;All species are related to one another and change over time&#8221;.<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Whats_%E2%80%9CNature_Structural_Molecular_Biology%E2%80%9D\" >What&#8217;s \u201cNature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology\u201d?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#More_than_35_Molecular_Biology_Experiments_by_PraxiLabs\" >More than 35 Molecular Biology Experiments by PraxiLabs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#DNA_Extraction-2\" >DNA Extraction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Conventional_PCR\" >Conventional PCR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Agarose_Gel_Electrophoresis\" >Agarose Gel Electrophoresis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#DNA_Sequencing\" >DNA Sequencing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#cDNA_Synthesis\" >cDNA Synthesis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Bacterial_Plating_out_Technique_Streak_Plate_Method\" >Bacterial Plating out Technique (Streak Plate Method)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#DNA_Fingerprinting_Using_Gel_Electrophoresis\" >DNA Fingerprinting Using Gel Electrophoresis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Oxidase_Test\" >Oxidase Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Antibiotic_Sensitivity_Test_Disc_Diffusion_Method\" >Antibiotic Sensitivity Test Disc Diffusion Method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Real_Time_PCR\" >Real Time PCR<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#DNA_Microarray\" >DNA Microarray<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Flow_Cytometry_Cell_Cycle\" >Flow Cytometry Cell Cycle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#XTT_Viability_Assay\" >XTT Viability Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-38\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#Gram_Stain_Experiment\" >Gram Stain Experiment<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-39\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#_Haemagglutination_Tests\" >\u00a0Haemagglutination Tests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-40\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/05\/24\/what-is-molecular-biology\/#_DNA_Isolation_Experiment\" >\u00a0DNA Isolation Experiment<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Molecular_Biology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is Molecular Biology?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In simple words, molecular biology definition is the branch of science that is interested in studying various biological activities at the molecular level (between or in the cells).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">To know what is molecular biology? Let&#8217;s take an overview at the science of molecular biology.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_of_Molecular_Biology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>History of Molecular Biology<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>origin of molecular biology<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> began in the 1930s with the convergence of various, previously distinct\u00a0 branches of biological and physical science, such as microbiology, biochemistry, genetics, physics, and more. Because of the desire to understand life at its most fundamental level, several scientists in chemistry and physics also took an interest in what would become molecular biology.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In its modern sense, molecular biology attempts to explain the phenomena of life starting from the macromolecular properties that generate them.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Two categories of macromolecules in particular are the focus of the molecular biologists:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">nucleic acids, among which the most famous is deoxyribonucleic acid (or DNA), the constituent of genes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">proteins, which are the active agents of living organisms. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">One definition of the scope of molecular biology therefore, is to characterize the structure, function and relationships between these two types of macromolecules. This relatively limited definition will suffice to allow us to establish a date for the so-called &#8220;molecular revolution&#8221;, or at least to establish a chronology of its most fundamental developments.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In 1945, the term molecular biology was used by the physicist William Astbury. In 1953, Francis Crick, James Watson, Rosalind Franklin, and colleagues, working at the Medical Research Council unit, Cavendish laboratory, Cambridge (now the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology), made a double helix model of DNA which changed the entire research scenario. They proposed the DNA structure based on previous research done by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. This research then led to finding DNA material in other microorganisms, plants and animals.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory that explains that the flow of genetic information (from DNA to RNA to protein) occurs only in one direction to make a functional product. The central dogma of molecular cell biology says that our DNA contains the needed information to make all of our proteins, and the role of RNA is a messenger that carries this information to the ribosomes. The role of these ribosomes is that they act as cell factories where the process of information translation from a code into the functional (final) product happens.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2488 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/central-dogma_med.jpeg\" alt=\"What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?\" width=\"698\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/central-dogma_med.jpeg 698w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/central-dogma_med-300x135.jpeg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 698px) 100vw, 698px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The process of gene expression has 2 stages that are called transcription and translation. In the transcription stage, the information which is found in the DNA of the cell is converted into messages that are portable and small. However in translation, the messages travel or translate from where the DNA is in the cell nucleus to the ribosomes to make specific proteins.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The central dogma of molecular biology states that the pattern of information that occurs in our cells is:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNA replication: From existing DNA to make new DNA.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transcription: From DNA to make new RNA.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Translation: From RNA to make new proteins.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>PraxiLabs, the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/\">3D virtual lab<\/a> solution, provides students with access to realistic biology, chemistry, and physics labs and enriches their understanding with a variety of informational and educational content.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\"><b>Pick the Best Virtual Plan For You<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Information_about_Gene\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Information about Gene<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Genes are the basic physical and functional units of heredity, and they are segments of DNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Each gene contains information about a certain trait, Our genes carry information that\u00a0 is passed from one generation to the next.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Genes are transcribed and translated by the cell to make proteins.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Proteins create a visible phenotype.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Example:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">One gene might code for eye color. The gene is used by cells to make proteins that create green pigment in our eyes<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Molecular_Biology_Techniques\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Molecular Biology Techniques<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Molecular biology techniques are the methods used in molecular biology and other related branches like genetics, biochemistry and biophysics which generally involve processes like modification, interaction, manipulation and analysis of DNA , protein, RNA and lipid.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Let&#8217;s put a spotlight on some of the most common molecular biology techniques:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Polymerase_Chain_Reaction_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/04\/12\/pcr-analysis-covid-19-infection-detection-method-praxilabs-initiative-experiments\/\">Polymerase chain reaction or PCR<\/a> is one of the most important <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">methods in molecular biology. It<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is basically a test tube system for DNA replication that is used to copy DNA and allows a target DNA sequence (single) to be amplified into millions of DNA molecules folds in just a few hours. PCR can also be used to introduce and detect mutations within the DNA or the sites of special restriction enzymes. PCR is also used to detect whether a certain DNA fragment exists in a cDNA library.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In addition, PCR is used widely in the medical and biological fields for a variety of applications such as DNA cloning for sequencing, functional gene analysis, and the diagnosis and detection of hereditary and infectious diseases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There are many different types of PCR like:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Real-time PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Nested PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Multiplex PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Quantitative PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Long-range PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hot start PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Arbitrary Primed PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Single-cell PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Methylation-specific PCR (MSP).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Fast-cycling PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gel_Electrophoresis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Gel Electrophoresis<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Gel electrophoresis is an important molecular biology method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, and proteins depending on their molecular size. In this technique, the molecules to be separated are run by an electric field through agarose gel that contains small pores and that <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">allows you to differentiate between DNA fragments of different lengths.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are many <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">applications of gel electrophoresis like:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Crime scenes investigation by separating DNA fragments for DNA fingerprinting.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results analysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In taxonomy studies, for distinguishing different species by DNA profiling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gene analysis (genes that are associated with a particular illness).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Cloning\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>DNA Cloning<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNA cloning<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a molecular biology technique that is used to make several identical copies of a piece of DNA, such as a gene or other DNA pieces. DNA cloning is done by inserting a target gene into a circular piece of DNA which is called &#8220;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">plasmid&#8221;. Then, through the transformation process, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the plasmid is introduced into bacteria (selected by using antibiotics).\u00a0 These bacteria are used to make more plasmid DNA or, induced to express the gene and make protein.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The cloned DNA can be used to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Detect and identify the function of the gene.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Investigate the characteristics of the gene like size, expression, and tissue distribution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Make big protein concentrations that are coded by the gene.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn how mutations can affect the function of a gene.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cell_culture\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Cell culture<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cell culture is one of the most important<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> molecular cell biology<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> techniques as it provides a platform to investigate the biology, physiology (e.g., aging), biochemistry, and cells and diseased cells metabolism. It is also used to study mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, the effects of drugs and toxic compounds on the cells, and the route of infection and interaction between wild-type cells and pathogenic agents (e.g., fungi, bacteria and viruses).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cell culture is <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the process by which human, animal, or plant cells are removed and grown in an artificial environment<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under controlled condition.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> For example, cultured<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> animal cells are used in the production of viruses, and these viruses are used to produce vaccines. For example, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">vaccines for diseases like rabies, chicken pox, polio, measles and hepatitis B<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are produced using culture of animal cell.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Extraction\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>DNA Extraction<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">We can define <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/08\/24\/7-different-dna-extraction-methods\/\">DNA extraction<\/a> as the technique that is used to isolate DNA by breaking the cell and nuclear membrane with the help of some chemical substances or enzymes or physical disruptions. DNA extraction has been the target of a lot of research, as it has many applications like genetic modification of plants, detecting bacteria, and viruses in the environment, altering animals, medical diagnosis, paternity tests, identity verification, pharmaceutical products, and hormone production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The extraction of DNA is critical to molecular cell biology and biotechnology. It is considered the first step of different applications, varying from routine diagnostic and therapeutic decision-making to fundamental research. The importance of DNA extraction and purification is that they are vital and essential for defining the unique characteristics of DNA, such as its shape, size, and function.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Investigation of the DNA sequence and structure that are related to diseases helped in finding out the molecular basis and cure for various diseases. DNA extraction also allowed the scientists to produce many vaccines, enzymes, and hormones. As well as it was also very beneficial and important in the forensic\/medico legal entities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">To study DNA, it must be extracted out of the cell. Hence, DNA extraction technique is widely used in research labs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>With PraxiLabs\u2019 molecular <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-biology-lab\">virtual biology lab<\/a>, students can practice the same experiment for an unlimited number of times, with 100% supervision &amp; 0% risk!\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><b>Join Praxilabs For Free Now!<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Latest_Molecular_Biology_Studies_Advances_in_CRISPR_Technology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Latest Molecular Biology Studies | <\/b><b>Advances in CRISPR Technology<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a technology that researchers use to selectively modify the DNA of living organisms.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The CRISPR renaissance was catalyzed by the discovery that RNA-guided prokaryotic CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins can create targeted double-strand breaks in mammalian genomes. This finding led to the development of CRISPR systems that harness natural DNA repair mechanisms to repair deficient genes more easily and precisely than ever before. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">CRISPR has been used to knock out harmful mutant genes and to fix errors in coding sequences to rescue disease phenotypes in preclinical studies and in several clinical trials.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0However, most genetic disorders result from combinations of mutations, deletions, and duplications in the coding and non-coding regions of the genome and therefore require sophisticated genome engineering strategies beyond a simple gene knockout.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">To overcome this limitation, the toolbox of natural and engineered CRISPR\u2013Cas systems has been dramatically expanded to include diverse tools that function in human cells for precise genome editing and epigenome engineering. The application of CRISPR technology to edit the non-coding genome, modulate gene regulation, make precise genetic changes ,and target infectious diseases has the potential to lead to curative therapies for many previously untreatable diseases.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A study proves<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that the ease with which CRISPR can create targeted DSBs in the human genome , which enabled quick adoption as a broad tool to overcome genetic disorders. As a first step, CRISPR was used to perform targeted gene knockouts, as Cas9 can be targeted anywhere on the coding sequence to induce a frameshift\u00a0 mutation to silence a deleterious protein.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0However, most diseases are complex and cannot be cured by this simple coding sequence-targeting strategy. The use of CRISPR to target diseases with complex drivers has been catalyzed by developing more nuanced strategies that target the non-coding genome and indirectly modify gene expression (for example, by exon skipping or intron corrections). <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Beyond these approaches, the rapid discovery of natural CRISPR molecules with beneficial properties and further engineering of these proteins to create molecules that alter transcription, change the epigenome, make precise mutations or enable writing directly onto the genome have dramatically increased the range of indications that can potentially be treated using CRISPR\u2013Cas systems. However, further advances are needed to fully leverage these proteins.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The use of CRISPR tools to target more nuanced disease drivers requires a better understanding of how non-coding DNA and epigenetic states affect\u00a0 disease pathology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Point mutations in coding sequences are much easier to link to a disease phenotype than mutations in non-coding sequences owing to a deep understanding of how a genetic change results in an amino acid change by looking at sequencing information. Using the right CRISPR tool that can link sequence, epigenome, transcriptome and phenotype information to the root cause of a pathology that is not driven by simple polymorphisms, it will be helpful in defining new cures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> However, the rapid advances in CRISPR tools, multi-omic methods and delivery mechanisms\u00a0 indicate<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">that genome engineering techniques will soon be developed for a multitude of diseases, potentially resulting in curative therapies for many underserved patient populations.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41581-022-00636-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Study: <\/span>Advances in CRISPR therapeutics | Nature<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Molecular_Biology_Demystified_Your_Top_FAQs_Answered\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Molecular Biology Demystified: Your Top FAQs Answered<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_basis_of_molecular_biology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the basis of molecular biology?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The basics of molecular biology mainly focus on understanding the interactions between the various components of a cell, including the interactions between DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (Ribonucleic acid) and protein biosynthesis as well as learning how these interactions\u00a0 occur and are regulated.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_an_interesting_fact_about_molecular_biology_Scientists_did_not_know_DNA_contained_genes_until_1943_Prior_to_that_they_believed_that_genes_were_stored_in_proteins_If_all_the_DNA_stored_within_your_body_was_placed_side_by_side_in_a_chain_it_would_be_600_times_longer_than_the_distance_from_the_Earth_to_the_Sun_and_back\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><b>What is an interesting fact about molecular biology?<br \/>\n<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 400;\">Scientists did not know DNA contained genes until 1943. Prior to that, they believed that genes were stored in proteins.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-weight: 400;\">If all the DNA stored within your body was placed side by side in a chain, it would be 600 times longer than the distance from the Earth to the Sun and back.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Human DNA is 98% identical to that of a chimpanzee, while it is 40-50% identical to that of a cabbage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">If you could write 60 words per minute, and you continued to work 8 hours a day, it would take 50 years to write the human genome.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_does_molecular_biology_look_at\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What does molecular biology look at?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The field of molecular biology looks at macromolecules found in living things and their chemical and physical structures, compositions, modifications, mechanisms, interactions, and functions which are essential and vital to life processes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_basic_principles_of_molecular_biology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What are the basic principles of molecular biology?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">DNA extraction, DNA replication, gene expression, protein synthesis, DNA sequencing,the central dogma, transcription, cloning, and more.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_common_molecular_biology_techniques\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What are common molecular biology techniques?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Molecular biology techniques are the methods used in molecular biology and other related branches which generally involve processes like modification, interaction, manipulation and analysis of DNA , proteins, RNA and lipids.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Here are some of the most common molecular biology techniques:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">DNA cloning.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Western blot.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gel electrophoresis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">DNA extraction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Centrifugation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Cell\u00a0 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) culture.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_central_dogma_of_molecular_biology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the central dogma of molecular biology?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The central dogma of molecular biology is a theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_classical_period_of_molecular_biology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the classical period of molecular biology?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Molecular biology\u2019s classical period began in 1953, with James Watson and Francis Crick\u2019s discovery of the double helical structure of DNA (Watson and Crick 1953a,b). Watson and Crick\u2019s scientific relationship unified the various disciplinary approaches discussed above:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Watson, a student of Luria and the phage group, recognized the need to utilize crystallography to elucidate the structure of DNA.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Crick, a physicist enticed by Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What is Life?<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to turn to biology, became trained in, and contributed to the theory of X-ray crystallography. At Cambridge University, Watson and Crick found that they shared an interest in genes and the structure of DNA.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Molecular_Biology_of_Cell_Determination\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is Molecular Biology of Cell Determination?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">This series was established to create comprehensive treatises on specific topics in developmental biology. Such volumes serve a useful role in developmental biology, which is a very diverse field that receives contributions from a wide variety of disciplines. This series is a meeting ground for the various practitioners of this science, facilitating an integration of heterogeneous information on specific topics. Each volume comprises\u00a0 chapters selected to provide the conceptual basis for a comprehensive understanding of its topic as well as an analysis of the key experiments upon which that understanding is based. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The specialist in any aspect of developmental biology should understand the experimental background of the specialty and be able to place that body of information in context, in order to ascertain where additional research would be fruitful. The creative process then generates new experiments. This series is intended to be a vital link in that ongoing process of learning and discovery.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_does_Molecular_Biology_Provide_Evidence_for_Evolution\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>How does Molecular Biology Provide Evidence for Evolution<\/b><b>?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"According_to_evolution_theory_evolution_refers_to_the_alteration_in_a_species_traits_over_a_big_number_of_generations_and_depends_on_a_method_called_%E2%80%9Cthe_natural_selection%E2%80%9D_The_theory_said_that_%E2%80%9CAll_species_are_related_to_one_another_and_change_over_time%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">According to evolution theory, evolution refers to the alteration in a species&#8217; traits over a big number of generations and depends on a method called &#8220;the natural selection&#8221;. The theory said that &#8220;All species are related to one another and change over time&#8221;.<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The science of molecular biology provides data that supports the evolution theory. In particular, the DNA universality and the genetic code near universality for proteins show that all<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the living organisms<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> once shared a common ancestor. DNA also provides clues and data about how evolution may have happened. The process of gene duplications allows one copy to undergo mutational events without harming an organism, as one copy continues to produce functional protein.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/\">DNA sequences<\/a> have also shed light on some of m<\/span>echanism of Molecular biology and <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">evolution . In general, the similarity of DNA sequence between groups of organisms shows their relatedness.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whats_%E2%80%9CNature_Structural_Molecular_Biology%E2%80%9D\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What&#8217;s \u201cNature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology\u201d?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research articles, reviews, news, and commentaries in structural and molecular biology, with an emphasis on papers that show &#8220;functional and mechanistic\u201dunderstanding of how molecular components in a biological process work together&#8221;.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is published by the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/nsmb\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Portfolio<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and was established in 1994 under the title <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Structural Biology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Later, it obtained its current title in January 2004. Like other <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> journals, there is no external editorial board, with editorial decisions being made by an in-house team, although peer reviewing by external expert referees forms a part of the review process.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal Citation Reports<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 15.369, ranking it the 13th out of 298 journals in the category &#8220;Biochemistry &amp; Molecular Biology&#8221;, the 1st out of 72 journals in the category &#8220;Biophysics&#8221;, and the 16th out of 195 journals in the category &#8220;Cell Biology&#8221;.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">So, if you are interested in Molecular biology news and articles, you can follow the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nature Structural &amp; Molecular Biology<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> journal.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nature_Structural_%26_Molecular_Biology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><b>Source<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"More_than_35_Molecular_Biology_Experiments_by_PraxiLabs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>More than 35 Molecular Biology Experiments by PraxiLabs<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs provides a vast and exceptionally diverse collection of important molecular biology experiments with awesome features to improve students&#8217; learning experience and outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Let&#8217;s take a look at some of PraxiLabs molecular biology <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-labs\">virtual labs<\/a> simulations!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Extraction-2\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>DNA Extraction<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/dna-extraction-virtual-lab-biology-simulation\">DNA extraction<\/a> virtual lab from PraxiLabs lets students practice basic laboratory techniques and understand the protocol and principle involved in DNA extraction well. Students also will identify the role of reagents, techniques and equipment in the extraction of DNA. They will also know more about the importance and applications of DNA extraction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lfpYBM25Qsc\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2496 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/PCR-molecular-biology-virtual-lab.png\" alt=\"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - molecular biology techniques\" width=\"492\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/PCR-molecular-biology-virtual-lab.png 1366w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/PCR-molecular-biology-virtual-lab-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/PCR-molecular-biology-virtual-lab-1024x469.png 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/PCR-molecular-biology-virtual-lab-768x351.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 492px) 100vw, 492px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conventional_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Conventional PCR<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">After conducting the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/conventional-pcr-biology-virtual-lab-simulation\">conventional PCR<\/a> virtual experiment, students can demonstrate proficiency with the principle and protocol involved in PCR technique. They conclude downstream applications of conventional PCR.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/G4sEhNKoPT8?t=6s\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Agarose_Gel_Electrophoresis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Agarose Gel Electrophoresis<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/agarose-gel-electrophoresis-virtual-lab-simulation\">agarose gel electrophoresis <\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">simulation, students will learn how to identify and separate DNA or RNA molecules by size, the process of separation achieved by placing the molecules in a gel made up of small pores and setting an electric field across the gel. They will learn how to prepare an agarose gel properly, understand and visualize the precautions required during sample application in the gel. Students also will identify the role of reagents, techniques and equipment in the agarose gel electrophoresis experiments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/k9Kmvh9blog\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2495 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/DNA-Sequencing-Molecular-biology.jpg\" alt=\"DNA Sequencing\" width=\"675\" height=\"380\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Sequencing\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>DNA Sequencing<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/dna-sequencing-virtual-lab-simulation\">DNA sequencing<\/a> virtual lab, students will understand and learn:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">How to apply a DNA sample purification using exosap IT..<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Also how to apply library preparation step by step.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">How to apply DNA fragmentation, amplification and, clean up of fragmented DNA and adapter ligation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">How to practice library normalization, dilution and denaturation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">How to perform the protocol of AMPure beads for DNA libraries purification.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2494 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/First-Strand-cDNA-Synthesis-molecular-biology.jpg\" alt=\"cDNA Synthesis\" width=\"722\" height=\"406\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/First-Strand-cDNA-Synthesis-molecular-biology.jpg 800w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/First-Strand-cDNA-Synthesis-molecular-biology-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/First-Strand-cDNA-Synthesis-molecular-biology-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"cDNA_Synthesis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>cDNA Synthesis<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/cdna-synthesis-virtual-lab-biology-simulation\">cDNA synthesis<\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">virtual lab, students will learn how to synthesize cDNA from RNA templates using the enzyme of reverse transcriptase.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the end of the experiment, students will be able to understand the cDNA Synthesis protocol well which is one of the important <\/span>Concepts in Molecular Biology<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, practice the basic laboratory techniques proficiency, and identify the role of specific equipment and reagents that are used in cDNA Synthesis.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2493 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/streak-plate-method-molecular-biology.jpg\" alt=\"Bacterial Plating out Technique (Streak Plate Method)\" width=\"684\" height=\"315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/streak-plate-method-molecular-biology.jpg 1366w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/streak-plate-method-molecular-biology-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/streak-plate-method-molecular-biology-1024x472.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/streak-plate-method-molecular-biology-768x354.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 684px) 100vw, 684px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bacterial_Plating_out_Technique_Streak_Plate_Method\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Bacterial Plating out Technique (Streak Plate Method)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the plating out technique experiment (<a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/streak-plate-method-virtual-lab-simulation\">streak plate method<\/a>) virtual lab, students will learn how to isolate bacteria from a mixed population into a pure culture of the organisms by streak plate method. They also will become proficient at doing streak plate method accurately and consistently, produce isolated organism colonies on an agar plate, and learn organism identification by performing biochemical tests to identify bacteria (organism) that are only valid when performed on pure cultures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2492 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/DNA-Fingerprinting-using-Gel-Electrophoresis-molecular-biology-technique.jpg\" alt=\"DNA Fingerprinting Using Gel Electrophoresis\" width=\"645\" height=\"290\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/DNA-Fingerprinting-using-Gel-Electrophoresis-molecular-biology-technique.jpg 1911w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/DNA-Fingerprinting-using-Gel-Electrophoresis-molecular-biology-technique-300x135.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/DNA-Fingerprinting-using-Gel-Electrophoresis-molecular-biology-technique-1024x461.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/DNA-Fingerprinting-using-Gel-Electrophoresis-molecular-biology-technique-768x346.jpg 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/DNA-Fingerprinting-using-Gel-Electrophoresis-molecular-biology-technique-1536x692.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 645px) 100vw, 645px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Fingerprinting_Using_Gel_Electrophoresis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>DNA Fingerprinting Using Gel Electrophoresis<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of DNA fingerprinting using <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/dna-fingerprinting-using-gel-electrophoresis-simulation\">gel electrophoresis simulation<\/a>, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Mention and list the preparation of an optimum agarose gel steps accurately.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the value and role of chemicals and reagents that are used in the experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Study the factors which lead to successful sample uploading into the gel Visualize DNA fragments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Identify and detect DNA molecules that have been processed by methods such as enzymatic digestion and PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Identify the restriction sites characteristics that are found in a DNA sequence.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2491 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/OxidaseTest-0-molecular-biology.png\" alt=\"Oxidase Test\" width=\"630\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/OxidaseTest-0-molecular-biology.png 1200w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/OxidaseTest-0-molecular-biology-300x142.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/OxidaseTest-0-molecular-biology-1024x486.png 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/OxidaseTest-0-molecular-biology-768x364.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Oxidase_Test\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Oxidase Test<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/oxidase-test-virtual-lab-simulation\">oxidase test<\/a> virtual lab, students will learn how to detect if an organism possesses the cytochrome oxidase enzyme. By conducting this test they will be able to differentiate between oxidase positive species like Moraxella, Neisseria, Campylobacter, Pasteurella, and pseudomonads species.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2490 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Antibiotic-Sensitivity-Test-Disc-Diffusion-Method-Virtual-Lab-molecular-biology.jpg\" alt=\"Antibiotic Sensitivity Test Disc Diffusion Method\" width=\"643\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Antibiotic-Sensitivity-Test-Disc-Diffusion-Method-Virtual-Lab-molecular-biology.jpg 1366w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Antibiotic-Sensitivity-Test-Disc-Diffusion-Method-Virtual-Lab-molecular-biology-300x137.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Antibiotic-Sensitivity-Test-Disc-Diffusion-Method-Virtual-Lab-molecular-biology-1024x469.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Antibiotic-Sensitivity-Test-Disc-Diffusion-Method-Virtual-Lab-molecular-biology-768x351.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 643px) 100vw, 643px\" \/><\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Antibiotic_Sensitivity_Test_Disc_Diffusion_Method\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Antibiotic Sensitivity Test Disc Diffusion Method<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/antibiotic-sensitivity-test-disc-diffusion-method-simulation\">antibiotic sensitivity test<\/a> disc diffusion method simulation, the students will learn how to determine the susceptibility of a microbial species against different antibiotic agents, to utilize specific monitoring techniques to evaluate the susceptibility of a microbe to different antibiotics species, and to detect the range of antibiotic activity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Real_Time_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Real Time PCR<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>By the end of <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/real-time-pcr-virtual-lab-simulation\">Real- Time PCR<\/a> simulation, students will be able to:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Identify the steps required to accomplish a successful RT-PCR experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gain hands-on experience with an RT-PCR protocol.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Microarray\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>DNA Microarray<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/dna-microarray-virtual-lab-biology-simulation\">DNA microarray<\/a> simulation, students will learn how to:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Perform the DNA microarray steps.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Practice the laboratory protocols to synthesize cDNA, cRNA and fragment cRNA prior to hybridization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Practice the technique for dual -labeling of samples for microarray hybridization.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Apply the skills and precautions required for microarray slide handling and sample application.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Identify the benefits of a positive displacement pipette.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Practice the process of microarray slide washing prior to detection.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Flow_Cytometry_Cell_Cycle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Flow Cytometry Cell Cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">Learn how to practice the steps of cell fixation and permeabilization, and understand the concept of cell cycle analysis using propidium iodide in the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/flow-cytometry-biology-virtual-lab-simulation\">flow cytometry cell cycle<\/a> virtual lab.<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"XTT_Viability_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>XTT Viability Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>By the end of <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/xtt-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">XTT viability assay<\/a>, students will be able to:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Successfully handle the required instruments and consumables needed for\u00a0 the experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Check the confluence and count cells under the microscope.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dilute the cells to a specific count suitable for seeding into the 96-well plate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Calculate the concentration of the tested chemicals and prepare the calculated doses in the cell culture medium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Aspirate the old medium and add the new medium containing the tested chemicals into the appropriate wells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Add the XTT solution to the cells and read the XTT viability assay results using the microplate reader after the incubation of the cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Read the XTT viability assay experiment results and perform the XTT viability assay calculation: calculate the viability percentage of cells exposed to different doses of tested chemical(s). Understand\u00a0 the xtt viability assay procedure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gram_Stain_Experiment\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Gram Stain Experiment<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>By the end of the experiment, students will be able to:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Become proficient at performing the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/gram-staining-technique-virtual-lab-simulation\">Gram stain<\/a> consistently and accurately.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Differentiate between various shapes, sizes, arrangements, and Gram reactions of bacteria.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">To differentiate between the two major categories of bacteria: Gram positive and Gram negative.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">To understand how the Gram stain reaction affects Gram- positive and Gram -negative bacteria based on the biochemical and structural differences of their cell walls.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Haemagglutination_Tests\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Haemagglutination Tests<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Be proficient at performing <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/haemagglutination-tests-virtual-lab-simulation\">Haemagglutination tests<\/a> procedure consistently and accurately, and learn the essential concepts of hematological tests.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_DNA_Isolation_Experiment\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0DNA Isolation Experiment<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>By the end of the experiment, students will be able to :<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Apply the steps of DNA extraction from a culture of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">execute proper restriction enzyme digestion of DNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">understand the role of the devices, the reagents and the enzymes used in the process of DNA extraction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">implement proper storage of samples.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">understand the role of the devices, the reagents and the enzymes used in the process of DNA extraction.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">implement proper storage of samples. To understand restriction digestion of DNA protocol and principle.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Check our <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/resources\/en\/3d-biology-simulations-virtual-labs.pdf?utm_source=enblog&amp;utm_medium=what-is-molecular-biology\"><b>Biology Portfolio<\/b><\/a><b> and Explore More than 35 Virtual Molecular Biology<\/b><b> Experiments to Enhance your Students\u2019 Learning Experience and Outcomes!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Molecular biology of the cell involves different macromolecules or biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA and RNA (nucleic acids) and amino acids. Molecular biology studies their chemical and physical structures, compositions, modification, mechanisms, interactions, and functions which are essential and vital to life processes. In this article, you will learn more about what is molecular &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4568,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-biology"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2483","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2483"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2483\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5186,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2483\/revisions\/5186"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4568"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2483"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2483"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2483"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}