{"id":2534,"date":"2023-06-28T23:41:50","date_gmt":"2023-06-28T23:41:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.praxilabs.com\/?p=2534"},"modified":"2025-09-17T10:32:56","modified_gmt":"2025-09-17T10:32:56","slug":"explore-the-world-of-pharmacology","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/","title":{"rendered":"Explore the World of Pharmacology | With+15 Experiments Introduced by PraxiLabs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pharmacology plays a crucial and vital role in modern medicine. From ancient remedies to modern drugs, pharmacology has evolved significantly over the centuries. It studies how drugs interact with different living organisms and how they can be used to treat and prevent diseases for a healthier life. In this article, we will take a closer look at the science of pharmacology, its definition, branches, history, and importance. We will also show yo<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">u<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> some examples of pharmacology experiments that are introduced by <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PraxiLabs virtual labs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2557 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/pharmacology-definition.jpg\" alt=\"Pharmacology Definition\" width=\"288\" height=\"175\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#Pharmacology_Definition\" >Pharmacology Definition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#_What_is_Pharmacology\" >\u00a0What is Pharmacology?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#Types_of_Pharmacology\" >Types of Pharmacology<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#Pharmacokinetics\" >Pharmacokinetics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#Pharmacodynamics\" >Pharmacodynamics<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#Clinical_Pharmacology\" >Clinical Pharmacology<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#History_of_Pharmacology\" >History of Pharmacology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#The_Importance_of_Pharmacology\" >The Importance of Pharmacology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#Pharmacology_Experiments_Examples_Introduced_by_PraxiLabs\" >Pharmacology Experiments Examples Introduced by PraxiLabs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#Adherent_Cell_Culturing_using_Mammalian_Cell_Lines\" >Adherent Cell Culturing using Mammalian Cell Lines<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Viability_Assay_Using_Tetrazolium_Salt_XTT\" >In Vitro Viability Assay Using Tetrazolium Salt XTT<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Cell_Viability_by_the_Lactate_Dehydrogenase_Assay_LDH\" >In Vitro Cell Viability by the Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay (LDH)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Cell_Viability_by_the_Alamar_Blue_Assay\" >In Vitro Cell Viability by the Alamar Blue Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Histone_H2AX_Phosphorylation_Assay\" >In Vitro Histone H2AX Phosphorylation Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_8-Hydroxydeoxy_Guanosine_8-OHdG_Assay\" >In Vitro 8-Hydroxydeoxy Guanosine (8-OHdG) Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Bromodeoxyuridin_BrdU_Assay\" >In Vitro Bromodeoxyuridin (BrdU) Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#Annexin_V_Assay\" >Annexin V Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Mammalian_Cells_COMET_Assay\" >In Vitro Mammalian Cells COMET Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Cytokinesis-Block_Micronucleus_Assay\" >In Vitro Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In-Vitro_Chromosomal_Aberrations_Test\" >In-Vitro Chromosomal Aberrations Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Caspase_3_Activity_Assay\" >In Vitro Caspase 3 Activity Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Fluorescein_DiacetatePropidium_Iodide_FDAPI_Staining_Assay\" >In Vitro Fluorescein Diacetate\/Propidium Iodide (FDA\/PI) Staining Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Neutral_Red_Uptake_Assay\" >In Vitro Neutral Red Uptake Assay<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2023\/06\/28\/explore-the-world-of-pharmacology\/#In_Vitro_Acid_Phosphatase_Assay_for_Cell_Viability\" >In Vitro Acid Phosphatase Assay for Cell Viability<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pharmacology_Definition\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Pharmacology Definition<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In simple words, pharmacology is the science of drugs. Also, we can define pharmacology as the science that studies the chemistry, origin, effects, properties, mechanisms, toxicity,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">and different uses of drugs. It is the study of chemicals and living organisms&#8217; interactions and the effect of chemicals on the biochemical function whether it is normal or abnormal.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_What_is_Pharmacology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0What is Pharmacology?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Pharmacology is considered as a branch of biology and medicine that deals with drug action.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Note that a drug is any molecule (natural, artificial, or endogenous from within the body) that exerts physiological or biochemical effects on the cells, tissues, organs, or organisms.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Pharmacology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Types of Pharmacology<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There are 2 main Branches of Pharmacology:<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pharmacokinetics\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Pharmacokinetics<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">&#8220;Pharmacokinetics&#8221; word is derived from 2 words, Pharmacon which means drug and kinetics which means putting in motion. Pharmacokinetics refers to what our bodies do to the drugs we consumed like distribution, absorption, metabolism and extraction processes.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pharmacodynamics\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Pharmacodynamics<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Pharmacodynamics is the branch of Pharmacology that deals with the drugs mechanism of action. It studies the effects of a drug on biological systems ex: our bodies, microorganisms, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parasitism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">parasites<\/a>. Pharmacodynamics refers to what drugs do to the body.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Other types of pharmacology are:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2556 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/clinical-pharmacology.jpg\" alt=\"Clinical Pharmacology\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Clinical_Pharmacology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><strong>Clinical Pharmacology<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Clinical pharmacology is the scientific study of medication in man. It includes mainly pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic investigations in both healthy and diseased humans. It also deals with detecting the effective, safe, and economical use of drugs in patients.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The main objectives of clinical pharmacology are minimizing the adverse effects of medications and maximizing the effect of drugs, ensuring and promoting the safety of prescriptions.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The other branches of pharmacology are Therapeutics\/ Toxicology \/ Pharmacogenetics\/ Pharmacy\/Chemotherapy\/ Clinical Pharmacology \/ Pharmacognosy\/ Pharmacoeconomics\/ Pharmacoepidemiology\/ Animal Pharmacology\/ Pharmacoeconomics\/ Posology\/ Comparative Pharmacology.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>PraxiLabs\u2019 pharmacology <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-labs\">virtual labs<\/a>, students can practice the same experiment an unlimited number of times, with 100% supervision &amp; 0% risk!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><span class='mb-text'>Join Praxilabs For Free Now!<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"History_of_Pharmacology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>History of Pharmacology<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The following video describes the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">history of pharmacology<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gRlv71BkWFE\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2555 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/importance-of-pharmacology.jpg\" alt=\"The Importance of Pharmacology\" width=\"243\" height=\"207\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Importance_of_Pharmacology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The Importance of Pharmacology<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Pharmacology helps people to improve their life and live healthier for longer. We can find the importance of pharmacology everywhere. It has a vital role in:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Discovering new drugs to help in fighting diseases and recovery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understanding why some drugs can cause addiction and why drugs work better for some people than others.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The highly sensitive drugs with fewer side effects led to reducing infectious diseases and types of cancer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Make sure that drugs are safe for consumption.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Developing medicines to tackle new diseases<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Identifying and discovering new treatments.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Researching to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for everyone.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Exploring and developing how we can best use the medicines we already have.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Tackling and studying important topics like aging and antibiotic resistance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Helping to ensure that everyone is prescribed the right drugs for them.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pharmacology_Experiments_Examples_Introduced_by_PraxiLabs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Pharmacology Experiments Examples Introduced by PraxiLabs<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs provides a vast and exceptionally diverse collection of important pharmacology experiments in our <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-biology-lab\">virtual biology lab<\/a>s\u00a0 with awesome features to improve student\u2019s learning experiences and outcomes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Let\u2019s take a look at some of PraxiLabs pharmacology virtual lab simulations!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Adherent_Cell_Culturing_using_Mammalian_Cell_Lines\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Adherent Cell Culturing using Mammalian Cell Lines<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn how to culture, propagate and sub-culture the cells. Discover also how cells are frozen in liquid nitrogen for the process of long-term storage.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of the experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Apply the Aseptic Techniques of cell culturing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Handle the required instruments that are needed in the cell culturing and sub-culturing successfully.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Prepare the cells needed for all subsequent In Vitro Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity assays.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the general aim, principle, and protocol of cell culturing using <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/adherent-cell-culturing-using-mammalian-cell-lines-virtual-lab\">mammalian cell lines<\/a> experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Work and apply the general safety guidelines for Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Check and count the harvest cells microscopically.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Freeze cells in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Thaw cells from Liquid Nitrogen and then seed them in cell culture flasks.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2553 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Viability-Assay-Using-Tetrazolium-Salt-XTT-Pharmacology-experiment-example.png\" alt=\"In Vitro Viability Assay Using Tetrazolium Salt XTT\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Viability-Assay-Using-Tetrazolium-Salt-XTT-Pharmacology-experiment-example.png 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Viability-Assay-Using-Tetrazolium-Salt-XTT-Pharmacology-experiment-example-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Viability_Assay_Using_Tetrazolium_Salt_XTT\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Viability Assay Using Tetrazolium Salt XTT<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In this experiment, students will test the viability of cultured cells after exposure to the geometric concentration of different <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2018\/11\/29\/introduction-to-nanotechnology-and-its-most-important-applications-in-various-fields\/\">nanoparticles.<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of the experiments students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Handle the required instruments which are needed in the experiment successfully.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Check the count of cells and confluence by using the microscope.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Understand XTT viability assay protocol, procedure, and principle of work.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Dilute the cells to a specific count which is suitable for the process of seeding in the 96-well plate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Calculate the tested chemicals concentration and then prepare the required doses in the cell culture media.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Add the solution of <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/xtt-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">XTT assay<\/a> to the cells and by using the microplate reader, you can read the XTT viability assay results.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Read the results of the XTT viability assay experiment<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Do the XTT viability assay calculation: calculate the viability percent of cells exposed to different doses of tested chemicals.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2552 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Viability-by-the-Lactate-Dehydrogenase-Assay-LDH.png\" alt=\"In Vitro Cell Viability by the Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay (LDH)\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Viability-by-the-Lactate-Dehydrogenase-Assay-LDH.png 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Viability-by-the-Lactate-Dehydrogenase-Assay-LDH-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Cell_Viability_by_the_Lactate_Dehydrogenase_Assay_LDH\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Cell Viability by the Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay (LDH)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn how to determine the activity of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released by damaged cells after exposure to the geometric concentration of different nanoparticles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/lactate-dehydrogenase-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">lactate dehydrogenase assay<\/a> experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Add the LDH assay substrate solution to cells and then by using the microplate reader, they will read the results after cell incubation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Prepare the LDH standard solution (in the required concentrations) in cell culture medium, then draw the standard curve.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read the results of LDH and calculate the percent of cytotoxicity for cells that are exposed to different doses of tested chemicals.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2551 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Viability-by-the-Alamar-Blue-Assay.png\" alt=\"In Vitro Cell Viability by the Alamar Blue Assay\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Viability-by-the-Alamar-Blue-Assay.png 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Viability-by-the-Alamar-Blue-Assay-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Cell_Viability_by_the_Alamar_Blue_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Cell Viability by the Alamar Blue Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Discover how to describe the measurements of viability for cell cultures in a 96-well tissue culture plate by using Resazurin (Alamar Blue) after exposure to geometric concentration of different nanoparticles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In this experiment, students will:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/alamar-blue-assay-virtual-lab-biology-simulation\">alamar blue assay<\/a> procedure by adding the solution of alamar blue to the cells and after incubation of cells they caan read the results using the microplate reader.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand alamar blue assay principle and steps.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read the results of Resorufin and calculate the percent of viability for cells which exposed to different doses of tested materials.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2550 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Histone-H2AX-Phosphorylation-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.png\" alt=\"In Vitro Histone H2AX Phosphorylation Assay\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Histone-H2AX-Phosphorylation-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.png 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Histone-H2AX-Phosphorylation-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Histone_H2AX_Phosphorylation_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Histone H2AX Phosphorylation Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In this experiment, you will find all you need to understand how to detect DNA damage and phosphorylated histone H2AX. Also how to visualize the response of protein recruitment to DNA damage sites.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of the experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Handle the required instruments which are needed in the experiment successfully.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn the right technique for adding the substrate solution of H2AX Phosphorylation assay to cells and by using the fluorescent microscope (after incubation of cells), they can read the results.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understand <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/in-vitro-phosphorylation-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">in vitro phosphorylation assay<\/a> protocol and principle.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2549 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-80HdG-DNA-Adduct-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.png\" alt=\"In Vitro 8-Hydroxydeoxy Guanosine (8-OHdG) Assay\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-80HdG-DNA-Adduct-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.png 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-80HdG-DNA-Adduct-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_8-Hydroxydeoxy_Guanosine_8-OHdG_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro 8-Hydroxydeoxy Guanosine (8-OHdG) Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand Detection <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/8-ohdg-assay-virtual-lab-biology-simulation\">8-ohdg assay<\/a> experiment and how to visualize the response of protein recruitment to DNA damage sites.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of the experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the principle and protocol of In Vitro 8-Hydroxydeoxy Guanosine (8-OHdG) Assay experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Add the blocking solution, first and secondary antibodies to cells and then by using the fluorescent microscope, they can read the result after incubation of cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Try 8-ohdg assay with Praxilabs <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-science-simulations\">3D science experiments<\/a> simulations now!<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/request-free-demo\"><b>Request A Free Demo Now!<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2548 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-brdU-Incorporation-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.png\" alt=\"In Vitro Bromodeoxyuridin (BrdU) Assay\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-brdU-Incorporation-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.png 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-brdU-Incorporation-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Bromodeoxyuridin_BrdU_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Bromodeoxyuridin (BrdU) Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">This experiment aims at visualizing the incorporation of Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) as a thymidine analog into nuclear DNA for detecting DNA synthesis in vitro by using a fluorescent microscope and antibody probes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of the experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the principle, procedure, and protocol of Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) Assay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Add the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/brdu-assay-virtual-lab-biology-simulation\">BrdU assay<\/a> substrate solution to cells and after incubation of cells with first anti-BrdU and secondary antibodies, they can read the results by using the fluorescent microscope.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2546 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Annexin-V-BindingPropidium-Iodide-Uptake-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg\" alt=\"Annexin V Assay Virtual Lab Simulation\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Annexin-V-BindingPropidium-Iodide-Uptake-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg 800w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Annexin-V-BindingPropidium-Iodide-Uptake-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Annexin-V-BindingPropidium-Iodide-Uptake-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Annexin_V_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Annexin V Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn how to determine and quantify necrotic and apoptotic cells through Annexin-V binding and Propidium Iodide (PI) uptake by using a fluorescent microscope.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/annexin-v-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">annexin V assay<\/a> experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Treat cells with nanoparticles or cytotoxic agents and then observe using the microscope.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Harvest the cells with the binding buffer of annexin (Annexin-V \/ Propidium Iodide buffer).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Analyze both of cells (y using the fluorescent microscope) and resulted data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Represent and interpret the resulting data graphically using dot plots.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understand the principle and procedure of annexin V assay.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2545 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Mammalian-Cells-COMET-Assay-Single-Cell-Gel-Electrophoresis-SCGE-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg\" alt=\"In Vitro Mammalian Cells COMET Assay\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Mammalian-Cells-COMET-Assay-Single-Cell-Gel-Electrophoresis-SCGE-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg 800w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Mammalian-Cells-COMET-Assay-Single-Cell-Gel-Electrophoresis-SCGE-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Mammalian-Cells-COMET-Assay-Single-Cell-Gel-Electrophoresis-SCGE-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-768x432.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Mammalian_Cells_COMET_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Mammalian Cells COMET Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The in vitro mammalian <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/comet-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">Comet assay<\/a> which is also known as the single-cell gel electrophoresis assay or (SCGE) assay is a rapid, simple, versatile, and sensitive tool that used to detect primary DNA damage at an early stage in a 96-well tissue culture plate after exposure to the geometric concentration of different nanoparticles.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of the experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the principle and procedure used in the comet assay experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand and follow the protocol step by step to achieve the required results.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read the results of cells that are exposed to different doses of tested chemicals using the COMET software and fluorescent microscope.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2544 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cytokinesis-Block-Micronucleus-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg\" alt=\"In Vitro Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay Virtual Lab Simulation\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cytokinesis-Block-Micronucleus-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cytokinesis-Block-Micronucleus-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Cytokinesis-Block_Micronucleus_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand how to detect the damage of chromosomes (both chromosome loss and breakage) and how to evaluate the induction of genotoxic effects of nanomaterials and nanoparticles by using the light microscope.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of Cytokinesis-Block <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/in-vitro-cytokinesis-block-micronucleus-assay-virtual-lab\">in vitro micronucleus assay<\/a> experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the principle and protocol involved in the experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Treat cells with nanoparticles or genotoxic agents.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Observe the cells under the microscope, Harvest, fix and stain them with Giemsa stain.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Analyze cells by using a light microscope and evaluate the resulting data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Represent the resulting data graphically by using dot plots.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2543 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Mammalian-Chromosomal-Aberration-Test-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg\" alt=\"In-Vitro Chromosomal Aberrations Test Virtual Lab Simulation\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Mammalian-Chromosomal-Aberration-Test-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Mammalian-Chromosomal-Aberration-Test-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In-Vitro_Chromosomal_Aberrations_Test\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In-Vitro Chromosomal Aberrations Test<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn how to detect the aberrations in the structural chromosomal\u00a0 by estimating different classes of chromosome changes scored in metaphase.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The used method in this experiment is In-Vitro Screening of Metaphase <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/in-vitro-chromosomal-aberrations-test-simulation\">Chromosomal Aberrations<\/a> by using Light Microscope.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2542 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Caspase-3-7-assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg\" alt=\"In Vitro Caspase 3 Activity Assay Virtual Lab Simulation\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Caspase-3-7-assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Caspase-3-7-assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Caspase_3_Activity_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Caspase 3 Activity Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understand how to determine apoptotic cells by visualizing the caspase 3 enzyme activity inside cellular nuclei using a fluorescent microscope (<a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/in-vitro-caspase-3-activity-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">caspase-3 activity assay<\/a> in apoptotic cells). Students will be able to treat the cells with the caspase 3 primary and secondary antibodies, also analyze cells and the resultant data.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2541 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Membrane-Integrity-assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg\" alt=\"In Vitro Fluorescein Diacetate\/Propidium Iodide (FDA\/PI) Staining Assay Virtual Lab Simulation\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Membrane-Integrity-assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Cell-Membrane-Integrity-assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Fluorescein_DiacetatePropidium_Iodide_FDAPI_Staining_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Fluorescein Diacetate\/Propidium Iodide (FDA\/PI) Staining Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Learn how to calculate the viability percent of cultured adherent cells after excitation of free fluorescein cleaved by enzymes of esterase in live cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of the experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Understand how <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to treat<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> cells with the FDA\/PI working solution in a cell culture medium.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Count cells with bright red fluorescence (for dead cells) and bright green fluorescence (for viable cells) by using a fluorescence microscope.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the concept, principle, and protocol of FDA\/PI staining assay experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Calculate the percent of the viability of viable and dead cells.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Represent the resulting data of the experiment graphically.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2540 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Neutral-Red-Uptake-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg\" alt=\"In Vitro Neutral Red Uptake Assay Virtual Lab Simulation\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Neutral-Red-Uptake-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Neutral-Red-Uptake-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Neutral_Red_Uptake_Assay\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Neutral Red Uptake Assay<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Learn how to quantify the amount of absorbed supravital dye Neutral <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Red (NR) in lysosomes of viable cells by using a microplate spectrophotometer (Microplate Reader).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/in-vitro-neutral-red-uptake-assay-virtual-lab-simulation\">Neutral Red Uptake Assay <\/a>experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Treat the cells with the Neutral Red-cell culture medium.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the principle, protocol, and procedure of the experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">De-stain the Neutral Red and prepare the extracted solution for analysis.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Analyze de-stain extracts&#8217; color intensity by a microplate reader and also analyze the resulting data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Represent and locate the IC50 of the tested nanoparticles graphically.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2538 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Acid-Phosphatase-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg\" alt=\"In Vitro Acid Phosphatase Assay for Cell Viability Virtual Lab Simulation\" width=\"370\" height=\"270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Acid-Phosphatase-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment.jpg 370w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/In-Vitro-Acid-Phosphatase-Assay-Pharmacology-experiment-300x219.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 370px) 100vw, 370px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"In_Vitro_Acid_Phosphatase_Assay_for_Cell_Viability\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>In Vitro Acid Phosphatase Assay for Cell Viability<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand how to quantify the acid phosphatase activity amount on the cell membrane of viable cells by using a microplate reader.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the end of the experiment, students will be able to:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Treat the cells with the solution of the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/in-vitro-acid-phosphatase-assay-for-cell-viability-virtual-lab\">acid phosphatase assay<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Stop the reaction and measure the color developing calorimetrically.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Understand the concept and steps of the in vitro acid phosphatase assay.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Analyze the color intensity of the reaction and the resulting data.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Represent and locate the IC50 of the tested nanoparticles graphically.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>PraxiLabs, the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/\">3D virtual lab<\/a> solution, provides students with access to realistic biology, chemistry, and physics labs and enriches their understanding with a variety of informational and educational content.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\"><span class='mb-text'>Pick the Best Virtual Plan or You<\/span><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pharmacology plays a crucial and vital role in modern medicine. From ancient remedies to modern drugs, pharmacology has evolved significantly over the centuries. It studies how drugs interact with different living organisms and how they can be used to treat and prevent diseases for a healthier life. In this article, we will take a closer &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":2539,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2534","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-biology"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2534"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2534\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5316,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2534\/revisions\/5316"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2539"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2534"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2534"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}