{"id":3021,"date":"2024-08-29T10:14:43","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T10:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/?p=3021"},"modified":"2025-10-28T12:16:05","modified_gmt":"2025-10-28T12:16:05","slug":"the-basics-of-pcr","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/","title":{"rendered":"From Samples to Sequences: Demystifying the Basics of PCR with Your Burning Questions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PCR is a vital biological process capable of amplifying a single DNA molecule into millions of copies in a short time. We can define PCR technique as a test tube system for DNA replication or amplification, which allows a \u201ctarget\u201d DNA sequence to be selectively amplified several million -fold in just a few hours.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">But what are the steps of PCR? What are the basics of PCR? What are the different types of PCR? What is the difference between conventional and real-time PCR?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In this blog, we\u2019ll dive into the top questions surrounding the basics of PCR, demystifying this groundbreaking technique that has revolutionized science. Get ready to explore its principles, steps, requirements, and more.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_81 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#The_Basics_of_PCR_The_Answers_to_Your_Most_Pressing_Questions\" >The Basics of PCR |The Answers to Your Most Pressing Questions!<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#What_is_the_basic_principle_of_PCR\" >What is the basic principle of PCR?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#What_are_the_basic_steps_of_PCR\" >What are the basic steps of PCR?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Initialization_step\" >Initialization step<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Denaturation_step\" >Denaturation step<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Annealing_step\" >Annealing step<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Extensionelongation_step\" >Extension\/elongation step<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#What_are_the_basics_of_PCR_amplification\" >What are the basics of PCR amplification?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#What_are_the_basic_requirements_of_PCR_technique\" >What are the basic requirements of PCR technique?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#What_are_the_four_major_steps_of_PCR_in_order\" >What are the four major steps of PCR in order?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#First_Step_%E2%80%94_Denaturation_of_the_DNA_template_double-stranded_DNA_into_two_single_strands_by_heat_at_temperatures_above_90_degrees_Celsius_The_heat_breaks_down_hydrogen_bonds_between_the_base_pairs_while_the_stronger_bonds_between_deoxyribose_and_phosphates_remain_intact\" >First Step &#8212; Denaturation of the DNA template (double-stranded DNA) into two single strands by heat (at temperatures above 90 degrees Celsius).\u00a0 The heat breaks down hydrogen bonds between the base pairs, while the stronger bonds between deoxyribose and phosphates remain intact.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Second_Step_%E2%80%94_Annealing_of_the_primers_to_each_original_strand_for_new_strand_synthesis_The_target_DNA_is_targeted_using_primers_that_bind_to_the_ends_of_the_target_DNA_sequencing_at_temperatures_40_%E2%80%93_65_degrees_Celsius_depending_on_the_base_and_length_sequence_of_the_primers\" >Second Step &#8212; Annealing of the primers to each original strand for new strand synthesis, The target DNA is targeted using primers that bind to the ends of the target DNA sequencing at temperatures 40 \u2013 65 degrees Celsius depending on the base and length sequence of the primers.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Third_Step_%E2%80%94_Extension_the_temperature_is_increased_to_72_degrees_Celsius_and_%E2%80%9Cthe_enzyme_Taq_DNA_polymerase%E2%80%9D_is_used_to_replicate_the_DNA_strands_During_the_extension_step_two_identical_double_stranded_DNA_molecules_are_synthesized_After_the_first_PCR_cycle_the_process_is_generally_repeated_between_25_and_35_times\" >Third Step &#8212; Extension: the temperature is increased to 72 degrees Celsius and \u201cthe enzyme Taq DNA polymerase\u201d is used to replicate the DNA strands. During the extension step, two identical double stranded DNA molecules are synthesized. After the first PCR cycle, the process is generally repeated between 25 and 35 times.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Fourth_Step_%E2%80%94_Analysis_with_gel_electrophoresis_We_can_evaluate_the_amplified_DNA_and_identify_the_nucleotide_sequences_by_detecting_the_bands_or_ladder-like_steps_that_migrate_to_the_same_levels_in_the_gel\" >Fourth Step &#8212; Analysis with gel electrophoresis, We can evaluate the amplified DNA and identify the nucleotide sequences by detecting the bands or ladder-like steps that migrate to the same levels in the gel.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#HOW_MANY_COPIES_OF_DNA_DOES_PCR_GENERATE\" >HOW MANY COPIES OF DNA DOES PCR GENERATE?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#What_are_the_different_types_of_PCR\" >What are the different types of PCR?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Why_is_Taq_polymerase_used_in_PCR\" >Why is Taq polymerase used in PCR?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Why_is_mgcl2_important_in_PCR\" >Why is mgcl2 important in PCR?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#What_is_the_difference_between_conventional_and_real-time_PCR\" >What is the difference between conventional and real-time PCR?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#What_is_Real_Time_PCR\" >What is Real Time PCR?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#Hands-On_Learning_Dive_into_Real_Time_PCR_with_PraxiLabs\" >Hands-On Learning: Dive into Real Time PCR with PraxiLabs!<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2024\/08\/29\/the-basics-of-pcr\/#From_Theory_to_Practice_Conventional_PCR_in_the_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Lab\" >From Theory to Practice: Conventional PCR in the PraxiLabs Virtual Lab!<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Basics_of_PCR_The_Answers_to_Your_Most_Pressing_Questions\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The Basics of PCR |The Answers to Your Most Pressing Questions!<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_basic_principle_of_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the basic principle of PCR?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The basics of PCR principle relies on the ability of DNA polymerase enzyme to synthesize new strand of DNA complementary to the provided template strand. This process needs a primer which has the ability to add nucleotides, as DNA polymerase can add a nucleotide only onto a preexisting 3&#8242;-OH group. This requirement makes it possible to delineate a specific region of template sequence that the researcher wants to amplify. At the end of the PCR reaction, the specific sequence will have accumulated in billions of copies (amplicons).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\"><b>Pick the Best Virtual Plan or You<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3020\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/steps-of-pcr-3.jpg\" alt=\"What are the basic steps of PCR?\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/steps-of-pcr-3.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/steps-of-pcr-3-271x300.jpg 271w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/steps-of-pcr-3-924x1024.jpg 924w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/steps-of-pcr-3-768x851.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_basic_steps_of_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What are the basic steps of PCR?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Initialization_step\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Initialization step<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">This step involves heating the reaction to a temperature of 94\u201396 \u00b0C (or 98 \u00b0C if extremely thermostable polymerases are used), which is maintained for 1\u20139 minutes. This step is only required for DNA polymerases that require heat activation by hot-start PCR.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Denaturation_step\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Denaturation step<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">This step is the first regular cycling event and involves heating the reaction to 94\u201398 \u00b0C for 20\u201330 seconds. It causes the DNA template to\u00a0 melt by disrupting the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases, yielding single-stranded DNA molecules.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Annealing_step\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Annealing step<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The reaction temperature is lowered to 50\u201365 \u00b0C for 20\u201340 seconds ,allowing annealing of the primers to the single-stranded DNA template.<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Extensionelongation_step\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Extension\/elongation step<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The temperature at this step depends on the DNA polymerase used; Taq polymerase has its optimum activity temperature at 75\u201380 \u00b0C ,and typically, a temperature of 72 \u00b0C is used with this enzyme. At this step, the DNA polymerase synthesizes a new DNA strand complementary to the DNA template strand by adding dNTPs that are complementary to the template in the 5\u2032 to 3\u2032 direction, condensing the 5\u2032-phosphate group of the dNTPs with the 3\u2032-hydroxyl group at the end of the nascent (extending) DNA strand. The extension time depends on both the DNA polymerase used and\u00a0 the length of the DNA fragment to be amplified.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Are you tired of seeing your students struggle to grasp complex scientific concepts? <\/b><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/request-free-demo\"><b>Request a Live Demo<\/b><\/a><b> Now and Increase your Students\u2019 Learning Retention and Engagement With PraxiLabs\u2019 virtual labs!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_basics_of_PCR_amplification\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What are the basics of PCR amplification?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">The basics of PCR amplification are<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0achieved by conducting three steps:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Denaturation of the template (double-stranded DNA) into single strands by heating.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Annealing of primers to each original strand for new strand synthesis by binding to the flanking regions of the target DNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Extension of the new DNA strands from the primers, during the DNA polymerase extends the primer sequences from the 3&#8242;\u00a0 end of each primer to the end of the amplicon.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3019\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/PCR_Requirements.jpg\" alt=\"What are the basic requirements of PCR technique?\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/PCR_Requirements.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/PCR_Requirements-271x300.jpg 271w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/PCR_Requirements-924x1024.jpg 924w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/PCR_Requirements-768x851.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_basic_requirements_of_PCR_technique\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What are the basic requirements of PCR technique?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A PCR setup requires several components and reagents. These components include:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Two primers (forward and reverse).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Template DNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/11\/16\/taq-polymerase-pcr-testing\/\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"> Taq polymerase enzyme.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Buffer solution.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Distilled water.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> DNA thermal cycler.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Pipettes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Eppendorf tubes.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_four_major_steps_of_PCR_in_order\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What are the four major steps of PCR in order?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The four basics of PCR steps are:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"First_Step_%E2%80%94_Denaturation_of_the_DNA_template_double-stranded_DNA_into_two_single_strands_by_heat_at_temperatures_above_90_degrees_Celsius_The_heat_breaks_down_hydrogen_bonds_between_the_base_pairs_while_the_stronger_bonds_between_deoxyribose_and_phosphates_remain_intact\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>First Step &#8212; Denaturation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the DNA template (double-stranded DNA) into two single strands by heat (at temperatures above 90 degrees Celsius).\u00a0 The heat breaks down hydrogen bonds between the base pairs, while the stronger bonds between deoxyribose and phosphates remain intact.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Second_Step_%E2%80%94_Annealing_of_the_primers_to_each_original_strand_for_new_strand_synthesis_The_target_DNA_is_targeted_using_primers_that_bind_to_the_ends_of_the_target_DNA_sequencing_at_temperatures_40_%E2%80%93_65_degrees_Celsius_depending_on_the_base_and_length_sequence_of_the_primers\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Second Step &#8212; Annealing <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">of the primers to each original strand for new strand synthesis, The target DNA is targeted using primers that bind to the ends of the target <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/dna-sequencing-virtual-lab-simulation\">DNA sequencing<\/a> at temperatures 40 \u2013 65 degrees Celsius depending on the base and length sequence of the primers.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Third_Step_%E2%80%94_Extension_the_temperature_is_increased_to_72_degrees_Celsius_and_%E2%80%9Cthe_enzyme_Taq_DNA_polymerase%E2%80%9D_is_used_to_replicate_the_DNA_strands_During_the_extension_step_two_identical_double_stranded_DNA_molecules_are_synthesized_After_the_first_PCR_cycle_the_process_is_generally_repeated_between_25_and_35_times\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Third Step &#8212; Extension:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the temperature is increased to 72 degrees Celsius and \u201cthe enzyme Taq DNA polymerase\u201d is used to replicate the DNA strands. During the extension step, two identical double stranded DNA molecules are synthesized. After the first PCR cycle, the process is generally repeated between 25 and 35 times.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Fourth_Step_%E2%80%94_Analysis_with_gel_electrophoresis_We_can_evaluate_the_amplified_DNA_and_identify_the_nucleotide_sequences_by_detecting_the_bands_or_ladder-like_steps_that_migrate_to_the_same_levels_in_the_gel\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Fourth Step &#8212; Analysis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with gel electrophoresis, We can evaluate the amplified DNA and identify the nucleotide sequences by detecting the bands or ladder-like steps that migrate to the same levels in the gel.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HOW_MANY_COPIES_OF_DNA_DOES_PCR_GENERATE\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>HOW MANY COPIES OF DNA DOES PCR GENERATE?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The cycle of denaturing and synthesizing new DNA is repeated as many as 30 or 40 times (This repetition results in DNA amplification), leading to more than one billion copies of the original DNA segment.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_different_types_of_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What are the different types of PCR?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There are several types of PCR, such as:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/conventional-pcr-biology-virtual-lab-simulation\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Conventional PCR<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Hot-start PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Real-Time PCR (qPCR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">AFLP PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Colony PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bio-rad.com\/en-us\/life-science\/learning-center\/introduction-to-digital-pcr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Digital PCR (dPCR)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Reverse-Transcriptase (RT-PCR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Alu PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Allele-specific PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In situ PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Fast-cycling PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Assembly PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Asymmetric PCR. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">COLD PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">High-fidelity PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Intersequence-specific (ISSR) PCR<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Inverse PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Repetitive sequence-based PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Methylation-specific PCR (MSP).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">LATE (linear after the exponential) PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Nested PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Overlap extension PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Suicide PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Nanoparticle-Assisted PCR (nanoPCR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Single cell PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Ligation-mediated PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Long-range PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">RNase H-dependent PCR (rhPCR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Miniprimer PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Touch down (TD) PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Single Specific Primer-PCR (SSP-PCR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Reverse-Transcriptase Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Solid phase PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Multiplex-PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_Taq_polymerase_used_in_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Why is Taq polymerase used in PCR?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>PCR amplification<\/strong> works on the principle of temperature variation\u2014heating and cooling reactions\u2014which makes Taq polymerase\u00a0 used in PCR technique because it is a highly advantageous enzyme, it can work at high temperatures with high amplification capacity and efficiency.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_mgcl2_important_in_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Why is mgcl2 important in PCR?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) is an essential component of the PCR master mixture. It works as a cofactor, it improves the enzymatic activity of DNA polymerase, thereby boosting DNA amplification.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_difference_between_conventional_and_real-time_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the difference between conventional and real-time PCR?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">real-time PCR is much faster than <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/04\/28\/what-are-the-three-basic-steps-of-conventional-pcr\/\">conventional PCR<\/a>, more sensitive compared to the conventional PCR, less time-consuming, less labor-intensive and also reduces the chance of contamination as there is no post-amplification procedure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0In conventional PCR, detection and quantification of the amplified sequence are performed at the end of the reaction after the last PCR cycle, and involve post-<a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/04\/12\/pcr-analysis-covid-19-infection-detection-method-praxilabs-initiative-experiments\/\">PCR analysis<\/a> such as gel electrophoresis and image analysis. In real-time PCR, the popular PCR products are <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">measured at each cycle.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4620 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Image-Compressor.org_95KB_Demystifying-the-Basics-of-PCR-4.webp\" alt=\"PCR steps and components\" width=\"1127\" height=\"1645\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Image-Compressor.org_95KB_Demystifying-the-Basics-of-PCR-4.webp 1127w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Image-Compressor.org_95KB_Demystifying-the-Basics-of-PCR-4-206x300.webp 206w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Image-Compressor.org_95KB_Demystifying-the-Basics-of-PCR-4-702x1024.webp 702w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Image-Compressor.org_95KB_Demystifying-the-Basics-of-PCR-4-768x1121.webp 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Image-Compressor.org_95KB_Demystifying-the-Basics-of-PCR-4-1052x1536.webp 1052w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1127px) 100vw, 1127px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>On PraxiLabs, you can find different <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/\">virtual lab simulation<\/a>s accessible anytime and anywhere.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><b>Join Praxilabs For Free Now!<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_Real_Time_PCR\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is Real Time PCR?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most powerful technologies in molecular biology. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/real-time-pcr-virtual-lab-simulation\">real time PCR<\/a> procedure, PCR products (amplicons) are dyed fluorescently and measured at each cycle. This allows the monitoring of the progress of the PCR reaction as it occurs; hence called real- time. A threshold cycle is the cycle number at which the fluorescent signal of the reaction crosses the threshold then through the standard curve the concentration of each sample can be calculated.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The advantages of real-time PCR:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Ability to monitor the progress of the PCR reaction as it occurs in real time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Ability to precisely measure the amount of amplicon at each cycle, which allows highly accurate quantification of the amount of starting material in samples.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> An increased dynamic range of detection.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Amplification and detection occur in a single tube, eliminating post-PCR manipulations<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3016 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Dive-into-Real-Time-PCR-with-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab.jpg\" alt=\"Hands-On Learning: Dive into Real Time PCR with PraxiLabs!\" width=\"1200\" height=\"795\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Dive-into-Real-Time-PCR-with-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Dive-into-Real-Time-PCR-with-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Dive-into-Real-Time-PCR-with-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Dive-into-Real-Time-PCR-with-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Dive-into-Real-Time-PCR-with-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab-310x205.jpg 310w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hands-On_Learning_Dive_into_Real_Time_PCR_with_PraxiLabs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Hands-On Learning: Dive into Real Time PCR with PraxiLabs!<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Help your students gain hands-on experience with the principle and practice of Real Time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">After performing a real time PCR simulation using PraxiLabs <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-biology-lab\">virtual biology lab<\/a>, students will be able:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Identify the steps required to accomplish a successful RT-PCR experiment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Gain hands-on experience of an RT-PCR protocol.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-3017\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Discover-the-Conventional-PCR-Simulation-in-the-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab.jpg\" alt=\"From Theory to Practice: Conventional PCR in the PraxiLabs Virtual Lab!\" width=\"1200\" height=\"882\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Discover-the-Conventional-PCR-Simulation-in-the-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Discover-the-Conventional-PCR-Simulation-in-the-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Discover-the-Conventional-PCR-Simulation-in-the-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab-1024x753.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/Discover-the-Conventional-PCR-Simulation-in-the-PraxiLabs-Virtual-Lab-768x564.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_Theory_to_Practice_Conventional_PCR_in_the_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Lab\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>From Theory to Practice: Conventional PCR in the PraxiLabs Virtual Lab!<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">After performing a conventional PCR simulation using PraxiLabs <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-labs\">virtual labs<\/a>, students will be able:\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Demonstrate proficiency with the protocol involved in PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Identify the role of specific reagents and equipment in PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Practice basic laboratory techniques.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Conclude downstream applications of PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/G4sEhNKoPT8\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Gain hands-on experience with\u00a0 the principle and practice of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)!<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/request-free-demo\"><b>Request A Free Demo Now!<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>PCR is a vital biological process capable of amplifying a single DNA molecule into millions of copies in a short time. We can define PCR technique as a test tube system for DNA replication or amplification, which allows a \u201ctarget\u201d DNA sequence to be selectively amplified several million -fold in just a few hours. But &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4498,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-biology"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3021","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3021"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3021\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5484,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3021\/revisions\/5484"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3021"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3021"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3021"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}