{"id":533,"date":"2020-07-30T02:08:54","date_gmt":"2020-07-30T02:08:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.praxilabs.com\/?p=533"},"modified":"2025-10-11T19:50:24","modified_gmt":"2025-10-11T19:50:24","slug":"modern-physics-history-theories","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/","title":{"rendered":"Modern Physics: Its History, Theories, And The Practical Experience of Its Virtual Labs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The emergence and development of modern physics was a giant leap in the history of mankind. This is because the main theories of modern physics reshaped our perception of the universe and caused an incredible scientific revolution.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Modern physics is a branch of physics that includes the post-Newtonian concepts in the world of physics. It is based on the two major breakthroughs of the twentieth century: relativity and quantum theory.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The term modern physics means up-to-date physics. This term refers to the breakthrough that happened after <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/Newtons-laws-of-motion#:~:text=What%20are%20Newton&#039;s%20laws%20of,the%20forces%20acting%20on%20it.&amp;text=In%20the%20second%20law%2C%20the,equal%20magnitude%20and%20opposite%20direction.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Newton\u2019s laws<\/a>, Maxwell\u2019s equations, and thermodynamics, these laws which are known as \u201cclassical\u201d physics.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><span class='mb-text'>Create a FREE Virtual Labs Account Now!<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">So modern physics can be considered the most recent step in the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_physics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">history of physics<\/a>. This history has roots back to ancient Greece, old India, old china, the Islamic world, and medieval Europe. Then came the scientific revolution which is based on the ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Isaac Newton, and others.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In this article, we are going to take a look at the history of physics in these ages and the evolution of the main theories of modern physics. Also, we will discuss some of the most popular principles of modern physics using the practical experience that is provided by the modern <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-physics-lab\">virtual physics lab<\/a> from PraxiLabs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">This article will also include brief notes on the two major breakthroughs of modern physics in the early twentieth century: relativity and quantum physics.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_83 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Classical_Physics_And_Before_That\" >Classical Physics And Before That<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Physics_of_Ancient_Greece\" >Physics of Ancient Greece:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Islamic_World\" >Islamic World<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#The_Scientific_Revolution\" >The Scientific Revolution<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#The_Birth_of_Modern_Physics\" >The Birth of Modern Physics<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Radiation_Experiments\" >Radiation Experiments<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Albert_Einstein_and_Relativity\" >Albert Einstein and Relativity<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Special_Relativity\" >Special Relativity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#General_relativity\" >General relativity<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Quantum_Physics\" >Quantum Physics<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Main_Modern_Physics_Experiments_Provided_by_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Lab\" >Main Modern Physics Experiments Provided by PraxiLabs Virtual Lab<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Black_Body_Radiation\" >Black Body Radiation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Laser_Beam_Divergence\" >Laser Beam Divergence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Laser_Electro-Optic_Effect\" >Laser Electro-Optic Effect<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Michelson_interferometer\" >Michelson&#8217; interferometer<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#Millikan_Oil_Drop\" >Millikan Oil Drop<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#I-V_Characteristics_of_Solar_Cell_I\" >I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell (I)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#I-V_Characteristics_of_Solar_Cell_II\" >I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell (II)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/07\/30\/modern-physics-history-theories\/#I-V_Characteristics_of_Solar_Cell_III\" >I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell (III)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Classical_Physics_And_Before_That\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Classical Physics And Before That<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Physics<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a branch of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">science<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> whose primary objects of study are <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">matter<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">energy<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. And it is branching today to classical physics and modern physics. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">But what about its history? How did physics start?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5104 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-2.webp\" alt=\"Modern Physics\" width=\"999\" height=\"645\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-2.webp 999w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-2-300x194.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-2-768x496.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Physics_of_Ancient_Greece\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Physics of Ancient Greece:<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Before the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archaic_Greece#:~:text=Archaic%20Greece%20was%20the%20period,succeeded%20by%20the%20Classical%20period.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaic period<\/a> in Greece&#8217;s history, people were explaining every natural phenomenon by supernatural, religious, or mythological explanations. This was <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the prevailing mindset until it was changed by<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thales_of_Miletus\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thales of Miletus<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thales of Miletus<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greek<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mathematician<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">astronomer<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who was called \u201cthe father of science,\u201d who first said that every event had a natural cause. And he suggested that the water is the building block of all matter. Then Anaximander argued <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thales\u2019s Theory<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and suggested that another substance called <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apeiron_(cosmology)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Apeiron<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is the basic element.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">These philosophers were followed by others such as Heraclitus, Parmenides, Empedocles, Zeno of Elea, and Democritus. They founded the Pre-Socratic philosophy,\u00a0 an ancient Greek philosophy that existed before Socrates and was not influenced by him.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And one of the most important achievements of this period was the development of the theory of atomism that was first suggested by Leucippus and his student <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Democritus<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They discussed the idea that all the universe matter is composed entirely of various imperishable, indivisible elements called <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atoms<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the classical period in Greece, a genius philosopher <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">left his mark on history<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. He was called Aristotle, the one who <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">revealed<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the importance of observation and considered it the key to <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">discovering<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the laws that control natural phenomena. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\"><span class='mb-text'>Pick The Best Virtual Plan for You<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5105 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-3.webp\" alt=\"Modern Physics\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-3.webp 1200w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-3-300x300.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-3-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-3-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-3-768x768.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Aristotle wrote the first work which refers to that line of study as &#8220;Physics,&#8221; in the 4th century BCE. And he <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">formed<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the theory of four elements and tried to explain the laws of motion and gravity.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After a long time\u00a0 the great mathematician Archemids developed the principles of equilibrium states and the c<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enters of gravity<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These ideas would influence the great scholars: Galileo and Newton in the future.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5042 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-4.webp\" alt=\"Ludwig Deutsch The Scholars Cairo\" width=\"750\" height=\"995\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-4.webp 750w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-4-226x300.webp 226w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Islamic_World\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Islamic World<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the middle ages in the Islamic world between the 7th and the 15th centuries, a great scientific revolution was in <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">action<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">With the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">great translation movement<\/a> of the greek and Indian scientists\u2019 books into Arabic, science became available to the Islamic geniuses to leave their marks on the scientific heritage of humankind.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most important Arabic scholars in this period was<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ibn al-Haytham<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. He made great contributions to scientific progress. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ibn al-Haytham<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> was considered &#8220;the father of the modern scientific method&#8221; due to his method that was based on the experimental data and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reproducibility<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of its results.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5043 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-5.webp\" alt=\"Modern Physics\" width=\"628\" height=\"378\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-5.webp 628w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-5-300x181.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 628px) 100vw, 628px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In regards to physics, Ibn al-Haytham is \u201cthe father of optics.\u201d As he suggested that light travels to the eye in rays from different points on an object.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">And there was another well-known genius called Ibn Sina, who contributed to science with his book \u201cBook of Healing.&#8221; He discussed the theory of motion and he suggested that any projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless it is acted upon by opposite force, which is consistent with <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Newton&#8217;s first law of motio<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">n in<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ertia<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that states that an object in motion will stay in motion unless it is acted on by an external force.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another Islamic scholar Abu&#8217;l-Barakat discussed the acceleration of a falling body as a result of its increasing impetus. And <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibn_Bajjah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ibn Bajjah<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> who is known as &#8220;Avempace&#8221; in Europe explained that there is always a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reaction<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> force for any opposite force. But he did not note that these forces are equal. This was a forerunner to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2022\/03\/22\/newtons-third-law-of-motion\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Newton&#8217;s third law of motion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5044 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-6.webp\" alt=\"Galileo Galilei\" width=\"588\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-6.webp 588w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-6-300x230.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Scientific_Revolution\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The Scientific Revolution<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The story of the scientific revolution starts with Copernicanism and the battle of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mechanics<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">astronomy<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Removing Earth from the center destroyed the doctrine of natural motion and place, and circular motion of Earth was incompatible with Aristotelian physics. He gave strong arguments for the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2016-01-heliocentric-universe.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">heliocentric model<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> of the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Solar system<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ostensibly as a means to render tables charting planetary motion more accurate and to simplify their production.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5045 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-7.webp\" alt=\"Copernican heliocentrism diagram\" width=\"809\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-7.webp 809w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-7-300x275.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-7-768x703.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 809px) 100vw, 809px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The second round of the battle started with Galileo Galilei,\u00a0 the Italian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician. He is the one who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">motion<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">astronomy<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and to the development of the <\/span><strong>scientific method<\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. He discovered four of Jupiter&#8217;s moons almost four hundred years ago. Also <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the law of free fall and the parabolic path of projectile motion were derived by him.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In sequence another star started to shine in the world of physics. He came with the three laws of motion. These three laws described the relation between the motion and the objects. Also he initiated the formula of the universal gravitation. This star was the famous scholar Newton.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The law of universal gravitation applications for describing the motion of planets required the invention of a completely new branch in math, which is calculus. The invention of calculus was one of the greatest scientific contributions of Newton.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5046 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-8.webp\" alt=\"Newton\" width=\"800\" height=\"687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-8.webp 800w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-8-300x258.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-8-768x660.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to these great contributions, Newton also built the first functioning <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reflecting telescope<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0 and developed a theory of color, based on the observation that a <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prism<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> decomposes <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">white light<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> into the many colours forming the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">visible spectrum<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He studied the speed of sound and demonstrated the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">generalised binomial theorem<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and developed <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a method<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for approximating the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">roots of a function<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. His work on infinite series was inspired by <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simon Stevin<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8216;s decimals. And by demonstrating the consistency between <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kepler%27s_laws_of_planetary_motion\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kepler&#8217;s laws of planetary motion<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and his own theory of gravitation, Newton also removed the last doubts about heliocentrism.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">With these contributions of Newton, the scientific community was ready to start a new era of physics: the modern physics is here.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Birth_of_Modern_Physics\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>The Birth of Modern Physics<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Despite the achievements of classical physics at the end of the nineteenth century, it faced a lot of limitations and serious crises that couldn\u2019t be solved using the physics laws of that time.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Some examples for these limitations were the inability of classical physics to explain certain physical phenomena, such as the energy distribution in <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">blackbody radiation<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">photoelectric effect<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Radiation_Experiments\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Radiation Experiments<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By the 19th century, scientists started to detect unknown forms of radiation such as X-rays that had been detected by Wilhelm Rontgen, the electron that had been discovered by J. J. Thomson and the radioactive elements found by Marie and Pierre Curie.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The genius of Marie Curie - Shohini Ghose\" width=\"618\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/w6JFRi0Qm_s?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1&#038;origin=https:\/\/praxilabs.com\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">These discoveries made scientists doubt the supposedly indestructible atom and the nature of matter.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The classical theory had also failed to explain <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michelson%E2%80%93Morley_experiment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Michelson\u2013Morley experiment<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> which showed that there did not seem to be a preferred frame of reference, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at least<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with respect to the hypothetical <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">luminiferous ether<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, for describing electromagnetic phenomena. And it also failed to explain the radiation and the radioactive decay until Lise<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0Meitner<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Otto_Frisch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Otto Frisch<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered the nuclear fission which led to the practical exploitation of what came to be called <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_power\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atomic energy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Albert_Einstein_and_Relativity\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Albert Einstein and Relativity<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It is 1905, and a major breakthrough in the history of physics is about to happen, the emergence of relativity theory by a 26-year old German physicist named <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Albert Einstein<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. He argued that the measurements of time and space are affected by motion between an observer and what is being observed.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5047 size-full aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-9.webp\" alt=\"Einstein\" width=\"780\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-9.webp 780w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-9-229x300.webp 229w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-9-768x1008.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although the theory of relativity was one of the greatest intellectual achievements of all time, he came up with more. Einstein also recognized that the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Speed_of_light\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">speed of light<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in a vacuum is constant, i.e., the same for all observers, and an absolute physical boundary for motion.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He also derived the famous equation, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">E<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> = <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mc<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which expresses the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">equivalence of mass and energy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Special_Relativity\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Special Relativity<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the theory of special relativity, Einstein explained that the speed of light was a constant in all <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">inertial reference frames<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and that electromagnetic laws should remain valid independent of reference frames.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The special theory of relativity describes the relationship between physical observations and the concepts of space and time. This theory emerged from the contradictions between electromagnetism and Newtonian mechanics and it caused great development in both those areas.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The original historical issue was whether it was meaningful to discuss how electromagnetic waves propagate in the assumed medium \u201cether\u201d and its relative motion to other objects.\u00a0 Einstein destroyed the \u201cether\u201d concept in his special theory of relativity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">However, his basic formulation does not involve detailed electromagnetic theory.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Special relativity tried to answer the mystery question &#8220;What is time?&#8221; Newton&#8217;s answer, in the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Principia<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (1686), was &#8220;Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably without relation to anything external, and by another name is called duration.&#8221; This definition is a base to all classical physics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5048 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-10.webp\" alt=\"Special Relativity\" width=\"996\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-10.webp 996w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-10-300x143.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-10-768x367.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 996px) 100vw, 996px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Einstein found that this answer was incomplete. He added his relative view.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">According to Einstein, each &#8220;observer&#8221; necessarily makes use of his or her own scale of time, and for two observers in relative motion, their time-scales will differ. This induces a related effect on position measurements. Space and time become intertwined concepts, fundamentally dependent on the observer. Each observer presides over his or her own space-time framework or coordinate system.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5049 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-11.webp\" alt=\"General relativity\" width=\"960\" height=\"539\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-11.webp 960w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-11-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-11-768x431.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"General_relativity\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>General relativity<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In 1916, Einstein went further into the nature of motion in our universe. He introduced the concept of the curvature of space-time, which became the general theory of relativity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the theory of general relativity, Einstein explained the gravitational effect at every point in space. According to Einstein, gravitational force in the normal sense is a kind of illusion caused by the geometry of space.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The object\u2019s mass causes a curvature of space-time around this mass, and this curvature dictates the space-time path that all freely-moving objects must follow. This new perception of how gravity works completely replaced Newton&#8217;s universal law of gravitation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5050 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-12.webp\" alt=\"Quantum Physics\" width=\"960\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-12.webp 960w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-12-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-12-768x512.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quantum_Physics\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Quantum Physics<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Another modern physics breakthrough tried to look at another world, the world of atoms and <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2019\/07\/23\/subatomic-particles-and-their-famous-types\/\">subatomic particles<\/a>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The problem of black body radiation experiment \u0640\u0640\u0640this experiment that showed that at shorter wavelengths, toward the ultraviolet end of the spectrum, the energy approached zero, but classical theory predicted it should become infinite\u0640\u0640\u0640 was solved by the new theory of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">quantum mechanics<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Quantum mechanics is the theory of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">atoms<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and subatomic systems. Approximately the first 30 years of the 20th century represent the time of the conception and evolution of the theory. The basic ideas of quantum theory were introduced in 1900 by <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Max Planck<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The quantum theory was accepted when the <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Compton Effect<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> established that light carries momentum and can scatter off particles, and when <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Louis de Broglie<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> asserted that matter can be seen as behaving as a wave in much the same way as electromagnetic waves behave like particles (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">wave\u2013particle duality<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Main_Modern_Physics_Experiments_Provided_by_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Lab\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Main Modern Physics Experiments Provided by PraxiLabs Virtual Lab<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Praxilabs The Virtual Labs of Physics, Chemistry and Biology\" width=\"618\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/p6EDr2JJddo?feature=oembed&#038;enablejsapi=1&#038;origin=https:\/\/praxilabs.com\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Black_Body_Radiation\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Black Body Radiation<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The aim of this experiment is to study the black body radiation and to verify Wien\u2019s law and the inverse square law using the Heated Filament Method.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The intensity of radiation from a black body varies with the wavelength of the emitted radiation, which depends on the temperature of the blackbody. Also, the radiation emitted depends inversely on the square of the distance from the black body.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By measuring the emitted radiation from a heated filament, as a function of the temperature of the filament, wavelength of the emitted radiation and the distance from the black body, we can verify the fourth law of radiation, generates Planck\u2019s curves at a different temperature, and the inverse square law for EM radiation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5051 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-13.webp\" alt=\"Laser Beam\" width=\"852\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-13.webp 852w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-13-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-13-768x433.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 852px) 100vw, 852px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Laser_Beam_Divergence\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Laser Beam Divergence<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The aim of this experiment is to verify that the profile for a laser beam is Gaussian and determine its characteristics using laser photodiode method<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Most low-intensity laser sources emit laser beam with gaussian distribution <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I(r)=<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> &#8211; <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">r<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">z<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the transverse direction. where <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2 <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">z<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is the beam diameter at which the beam intensity falls to <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">I<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">e<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> 2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Also, due to the coherent property of the laser, it shouldn\u2019t obey the inverse square law obeyed by ordinary light.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By measuring the laser beam intensity using a photodiode sensor, as a function of the distance from the center of the beam in the transverse direction, we obtain the profile for the laser beam which should be Gaussian. Hence, the beam diameter could be found. plotting the beam profile at different distances from the source could be done and determine the beam divergence which proves that the laser does not obey the inverse square law.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Laser_Electro-Optic_Effect\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Laser Electro-Optic Effect<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The aim of the experiment is to Study the electro-optic effect in some crystals using the Kerr Cell Procedure method.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monochromatic polarized light (laser) is incident on Lithium niobate crystal that is placed at <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with the vertical. Applying an electric field to the crystal, causes it to become birefringent. The phase shift between the ordinary and the extraordinary light is found to depend on the square of the electric field.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lithium niobate crystal is illuminated with a laser beam that is polarized to<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">45<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">o<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">with the vertical. An electric field is applied to the crystal, which allows some light to come out of the crystal and is detected by photo-sensor. The amount of light passing through the crystal is recorded as a function of the electric field using a photosensor, and the half voltage value is determined.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Michelson_interferometer\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Michelson&#8217; interferometer<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The aim of the experiment is To determine the refractive index of a thin transparent plate using Michelson\u2019s interferometer procedure.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Monochromatic light beam from a laser source is splitted into two beams. the two beams are reflected back from two mirrors to a screen, where interference pattern is observed. By moving one of the two mirrors or both, the phase difference between the two beams changes and the fringes crossing the field of vision changes in number accordingly.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The number of fringes crossing the field of vision is counted as one (or both) of the two mirrors is moved or by rotating the glass plate stage through angle <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. hence the wavelength of laser and the refractive index of the glass plate could be determined.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Millikan_Oil_Drop\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Millikan Oil Drop<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The aim of the experiment is to verify the quantization of the electric charge using the Oil Drop Method.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Oil drops are sprayed into a region between two plates where an electric field is applied. The oil drops acquire some charge from an ionizing source. Thus the oil drop\u2019s motion between the plates is affected by its mass and the amount of charge it has acquired from the ionizing radiation. The motion of the charge is controlled by the value of the applied electric field and its polarity, thus it may fall, rise, or even remain stationary between the plates.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By measuring the fall and rise speed of the oil drops in the presence of the electric field for oil drops, we can determine the amount of charge it has acquired. Hence, it can be proved that the amount of charge carried by each drop is an integer multiple of the electron charge.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-5052 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-14.webp\" alt=\"Solar Cells\" width=\"999\" height=\"395\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-14.webp 999w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-14-300x119.webp 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Modern-Physics-14-768x304.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 999px) 100vw, 999px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"I-V_Characteristics_of_Solar_Cell_I\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell (I)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The aim of the experiment is to study the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/i-v-characteristics-of-solar-cell-I-physics-simulation\">I-V characteristics of a solar cell<\/a> (or PV cell) in dark and under illumination conditions using Simple circuit to study I-V with a lamp.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Solar cells are generally made from semiconducting materials, which are sensitive to structural and environmental factors, e.g, the light intensity, which depends on the power delivered by the solar cell.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The solar cell is connected in a series circuit consisting of variable resistance, dc battery, ammeter and voltmeter that is connected in parallel to the cell. By continuously varying the value of the load resistance, we can obtain the I-V characteristics at different bias voltage and light intensity.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"I-V_Characteristics_of_Solar_Cell_II\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell (II)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The aim of the experiment is to study the illumination dependence and the exposed area dependence of the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/i-v-characteristics-of-solar-cell-ll-physics-virtual-lab\">I-V characteristics of the solar cell<\/a> using a simple dc circuit with bias voltage, solar cell, variable resistance, ammeter, voltmeter, lamp and ac power supply to operate the lamp, variable area chopper plate.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">solar cells are generally made from semiconducting materials, which are sensitive to structural and environmental factors, e.g, the light intensity, which depends on the power delivered by the solar cell.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">By varying the ac voltage applied to the cell and measuring the short circuit current as a function of the lamp\u2019 voltage, we can study the effect of the light intensity on the short circuit current obtained from the cell. In the second part, a chopper plate of controllable area limits the exposed area of the cell to the light intensity, allowing us to study the dependence of the I-V characteristics and the cell parameters maybe also studied.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"I-V_Characteristics_of_Solar_Cell_III\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>I-V Characteristics of Solar Cell (III)<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The aim of the experiment is to study the spectral dependence of the incident light and the effect of parallel and series wiring of few cells using Optical Filters to study dependence of <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/i-v-characteristics-of-solar-cell-lll-physics-simulation\">I-V of a solar cell<\/a>. Also, connecting two cells in series and in parallel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Solar cells are generally made from semiconducting materials, which are sensitive to structural and environmental factors, e.g, the light intensity, which depends on the power delivered by the solar cell.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Different optical filters can be attached to the opening of the lamp box to study the effect dependence of the I-V charcateristics of a solar cell. In the second part, two solar cells can be connected in series or in parallel, to study the effect of the connection method and I-V characteristics and the cell\u2019 parameters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>PraxiLabs Virtual Labs include a range of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-science-simulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D science experiments<\/a>\u00a0in physics, chemistry and biology experiments<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/request-free-demo\"><span class='mb-text'>Request a Free Demo Now<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The emergence and development of modern physics was a giant leap in the history of mankind. This is because the main theories of modern physics reshaped our perception of the universe and caused an incredible scientific revolution. Modern physics is a branch of physics that includes the post-Newtonian concepts in the world of physics. It &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4532,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[4,8,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-physics","category-scientific-facts","category-virtual-labs"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/533","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=533"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/533\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5390,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/533\/revisions\/5390"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4532"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=533"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=533"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=533"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}