{"id":680,"date":"2021-02-08T09:25:42","date_gmt":"2021-02-08T09:25:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.praxilabs.com\/?p=680"},"modified":"2025-10-11T20:09:33","modified_gmt":"2025-10-11T20:09:33","slug":"dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/","title":{"rendered":"DNA Sequencing: Definition, Importance, Methods, Facts, and More"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>DNA and DNA Sequencing<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live, and reproduce. These instructions are found inside every cell and are passed down from parents to their children.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-681 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/1.png\" alt=\"DNA Structure\" width=\"262\" height=\"192\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNA is made up of molecules called<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">nucleotides<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group and a nitrogen base. The four types of nitrogen bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The order of these bases is what determines DNA&#8217;s instructions, or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetic_code\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">genetic code<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">You can read our <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/06\/30\/dna-extraction-virtual-lab\/\">previous article<\/a>, for more information about DNA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In this article, we will talk about DNA sequencing, how it is done, its importance, and some amazing facts about it.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/dna-sequencing-virtual-lab-simulation\"><span class='mb-text'>Try Dna Sequencing in Praxilabs Virtual Labs<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_84 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#What_is_meant_by_DNA_sequencing\" >What is meant by DNA sequencing?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#Types_of_DNA_Sequencing\" >Types of DNA Sequencing<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#1-_Sanger_method\" >1- Sanger method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#2-_Next-Generation_Sequencing_NGS_Methods\" >2- Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Methods<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#Whole_Genome_Sequencing\" >Whole Genome Sequencing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#Nextera_DNA_Library_Preparation_Kits\" >Nextera DNA Library Preparation Kits<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#Importance_of_DNA_Sequencing\" >Importance of DNA Sequencing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#DNA_Sequencing_Virtual_Lab_Experiment_from_PraxiLabs\" >DNA Sequencing Virtual Lab Experiment from PraxiLabs<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/#Facts_About_DNA_Sequencing\" >Facts About DNA Sequencing<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_meant_by_DNA_sequencing\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>What is meant by DNA sequencing?<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The laboratory technique which is used to determine the order of the four chemical building blocks\u2014called &#8220;bases&#8221;\u2014that make up the DNA molecule is called&#8221; DNA Sequencing.&#8221; The sequence tells scientists the kind of genetic information that is carried in a particular DNA segment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">To understand DNA sequencing, you should know that:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the DNA double helix, the four chemical bases always bond with the same partner to form &#8220;base pairs.&#8221; Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T); cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G). These pairings are the basis for the mechanism by which DNA molecules are copied when cells divide, and the pairings also underlie the methods by which most DNA sequencing experiments are done. The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs that spell out the instructions for making and maintaining a human being.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_DNA_Sequencing\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Types of DNA Sequencing<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Now we will discuss how DNA sequencing occurs in the laboratory<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0There are two main types of DNA sequencing:-<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1-_Sanger_method\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>1- Sanger method<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The older, classical chain termination method. In it, the target DNA is copied many times, making fragments of different lengths. Fluorescent \u201cchain terminator\u201d nucleotides mark the ends of the fragments and allow the sequence to be determined, as shown in the following diagram:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-682 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sanger-sequencing_steps_process_diagram.png\" alt=\"sanger sequencing\" width=\"1472\" height=\"610\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sanger-sequencing_steps_process_diagram.png 1472w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sanger-sequencing_steps_process_diagram-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sanger-sequencing_steps_process_diagram-1024x424.png 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sanger-sequencing_steps_process_diagram-768x318.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1472px) 100vw, 1472px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2-_Next-Generation_Sequencing_NGS_Methods\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>2- Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) Methods<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0The newer methods\u00a0of dna sequencing that can process a large number of DNA molecules quickly are collectively called High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS) techniques or Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">NGS occur as shown in the following diagram:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-683 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NGS.png\" alt=\"next generation sequencing\" width=\"1462\" height=\"1120\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NGS.png 1462w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NGS-300x230.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NGS-1024x784.png 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/NGS-768x588.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1462px) 100vw, 1462px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There are a variety of Next-Generation Sequencing techniques that use different technologies. However, most share a common set of features that distinguish them from Sanger sequencing, like:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/\"><span class='mb-text'>Get Started Praxilabs For FREE<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Highly parallel: many sequencing reactions take place at the same time.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Micro scale: reactions are tiny and many can be done at once on a chip.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Fast: because reactions are done in parallel, results are ready much faster.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Low-cost: sequencing a genome is cheaper than with Sanger sequencing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Shorter length: reads typically range from 505050 to 700700700 nucleotides in length.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In contrast, we can compare between Sanger sequencing method and\u00a0 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) methods as follows:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-684 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Traditional-Sanger-sequencing-compared-with-next-generation-sequencing-technology-In.png\" alt=\"Sanger vs. NGS\" width=\"850\" height=\"1172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Traditional-Sanger-sequencing-compared-with-next-generation-sequencing-technology-In.png 850w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Traditional-Sanger-sequencing-compared-with-next-generation-sequencing-technology-In-218x300.png 218w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Traditional-Sanger-sequencing-compared-with-next-generation-sequencing-technology-In-743x1024.png 743w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Traditional-Sanger-sequencing-compared-with-next-generation-sequencing-technology-In-768x1059.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 850px) 100vw, 850px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-685 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/next-generation-sequencing-23-638.jpg\" alt=\"SANGER VS. NGS\" width=\"638\" height=\"479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/next-generation-sequencing-23-638.jpg 638w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/next-generation-sequencing-23-638-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Other Methods Can Be Used in DNA Sequencing Like:<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whole_Genome_Sequencing\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Whole Genome Sequencing<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0\u00a0This is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism&#8217;s genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism&#8217;s chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. In practice, genome sequences that are nearly complete are also called whole genome sequences.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-686 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/whole_genom_sequencing_0.jpg\" alt=\"Whole Genome Sequencing\" width=\"846\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/whole_genom_sequencing_0.jpg 846w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/whole_genom_sequencing_0-300x109.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/whole_genom_sequencing_0-768x279.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 846px) 100vw, 846px\" \/><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Nextera_DNA_Library_Preparation_Kits\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Nextera DNA Library Preparation Kits<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">It provides a fast and easy workflow, enabling sequencing-ready libraries to be generated in less than 90 minutes, with less than 15 minutes of hands-on time. Samples prepared with Nextera kits are compatible with all Illumina sequencers. With Nextera technology, DNA is simultaneously fragmented and tagged with sequencing adapters in a single step, using standard lab equipment. Ideal for precious samples available in limited quantity, the protocol requires only 50 ng of DNA input.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/dna-sequencing-virtual-lab-simulation\"><span class='mb-text'>Try Dna Sequencing Now For FREE<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-687 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/41.jpg\" alt=\"Importance of DNA Sequencing\" width=\"1000\" height=\"657\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/41.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/41-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/41-768x505.jpg 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/41-310x205.jpg 310w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance_of_DNA_Sequencing\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Importance of DNA Sequencing<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Why is DNA sequence information important for scientists?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0DNA sequence information is important for scientists investigating the functions of genes. Understanding the sequences of DNA can be applied in various settings like:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">DNA sequencing now forms the base of biologic research and is applied in biotechnology, forensic biology, virology, and medical diagnoses.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Researchers are already able<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0to use the results of DNA sequencing to compare long lengths of DNA. In some cases, this may include looking at segments of over a million bases to compare differences in the sequencing. This information can reveal important information about the role of certain DNA patterns and susceptibility to health conditions or response to medical treatment.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The routine use of DNA sequencing as a diagnostic tool for the general practitioner remains a possibility for the future, but there are some ways that sequencing is already being used for medical purposes. For example, DNA sequencing is currently used for cancer patients to help identify the type of cancer that is present, which directs the treatment decisions for the patient. Similar methods are currently in development for other health conditions that are likely to have a genetic element, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In molecular biology, DNA sequencing is now an integral part of most biological laboratories. It is used to verify the results of cloning exercises to understand the effect of particular genes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> In gene therapy and control systems for drugs through replacement of defective genes for certain diseases.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-722 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Capture-3.jpg\" alt=\"PraxiLabs\" width=\"1364\" height=\"625\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Capture-3.jpg 1364w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Capture-3-300x137.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Capture-3-1024x469.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Capture-3-768x352.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1364px) 100vw, 1364px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"DNA_Sequencing_Virtual_Lab_Experiment_from_PraxiLabs\"><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">DNA Sequencing Virtual Lab Experiment from PraxiLabs<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PraxiLabs<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides the DNA sequencing <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-labs\">virtual lab<\/a> for students, teachers, and researchers (<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try it now<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/bit.ly\/3s7ryYG\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class='mb-text'>Create a FREE Virtual Labs Account Now!<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">The experiment is conducted to detect the sequence of DNA in a sample.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">It depends on:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle;\">\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Whole Genome Sequencing Method (WGS).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Next Generation Sequencing Method (NGS).<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Nextera DNA Library Preparation Kits.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Theoretical Background<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNA is extracted and purified before sequencing. Some of this DNA is then processed for library preparation. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Library is a pool of similarly sized DNA fragments with adapters attached.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During library preparation, DNA first undergoes <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.illumina.com\/techniques\/sequencing\/ngs-library-prep\/tagmentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tagmentation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, where DNA is simultaneously fragmented and tagged with adapters using an enzyme called <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">transposase<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Transposons <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">can cut DNA and insert a portion of itself (adapter sequence). After adapters are ligated, DNA is cleaned up from excess transposons and amplified using PCR.\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During PCR, additional motifs, such as the sequencing primer binding sites indices and regions that are complementary to the flow cell oligos, are also added.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Libraries are then cleaned up using AMPure XP beads, which also provide a size selection feature. This is followed by quantification, using Qubit fluorometric assay, and normalization.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Clustering and sequencing occur in the flow cell. A flow cell is a multilane glass with nano wells coated with two types of oligonucleotides (oligos) on the surface.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u00a0Steps Overview<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Purification of extracted DNA using <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermofisher.com\/order\/catalog\/product\/78205.10.ML#\/78205.10.ML\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ExoSAP-IT<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Library construction (similarly sized DNA sequences with known adapter sequences added to the 5\u2019 and 3\u2019 ends)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> DNA tagmentation (fragmentation + adapter ligation).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Clean up of tagmented DNA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Amplification of tagmented DNA and addition of index adapters using 5 cycle PCR.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Library clean up and size selection (using AMPure beads).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Library normalization and pooling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Denaturing and diluting libraries and PhiX control for sequencing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Cartridges and flow cell handling.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Sequence run.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ONGdehkB8jU\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>An explanatory video of the steps for DNA Sequencing<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Facts_About_DNA_Sequencing\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Facts About DNA Sequencing<\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Now, enjoy these amazing facts about DNA sequencing:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Though DNA sequencing used to take years, it can now be done in hours. Further, the first full sequence of human DNA used to take around 3 billion dollars. Now, certain companies will sequence your entire genome for less than $1,000.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Many <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">companies now offer <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">single-nucleotide polymorphism<\/span><\/i><\/a> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">tests. These tests focus on individual nucleotides within genes that can signify certain genetic variants. These SNPs, as they are known, have been correlated to certain conditions and can help predict how your genes may influence your life.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-689 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/3_859.png\" alt=\"single-nucleotide polymorphism\" width=\"961\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/3_859.png 961w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/3_859-300x161.png 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/3_859-768x412.png 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/3_859-310x165.png 310w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 961px) 100vw, 961px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>3- <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One new sequencing technology (under development) involves watching DNA polymerase molecules as they copy DNA, the same molecules that make new copies of DNA in our cells, with a very fast movie camera and microscope and incorporating different colors of bright dyes, one each for the letters A, T, C, and G. This method provides different and very valuable information more than what&#8217;s provided by the instrument systems that are in most common use.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">4- According to<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.genome.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">technological improvements and automation have increased speed and lowered costs to the point where individual genes can be sequenced routinely, and some labs can sequence well over 100,000 billion bases per year, and an entire genome can be sequenced for just a few thousand dollars.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Try Our Simulation <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-science-simulations\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;DNA Sequencing&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Subscribe to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Your Plan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Now and Enjoy Up to 50% Discount<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-science-simulations\"><span class='mb-text'>Try Praxilabs for FREE<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>DNA and DNA Sequencing \u00a0DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule that contains the instructions an organism needs to develop, live, and reproduce. These instructions are found inside every cell and are passed down from parents to their children.\u00a0 DNA is made up of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a sugar group &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4490,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[6,8,9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-680","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-biology","category-scientific-facts","category-virtual-labs"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/680","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=680"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/680\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5394,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/680\/revisions\/5394"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4490"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=680"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=680"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=680"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}