{"id":944,"date":"2021-09-20T10:43:55","date_gmt":"2021-09-20T10:43:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.praxilabs.com\/?p=944"},"modified":"2025-08-22T23:05:26","modified_gmt":"2025-08-22T23:05:26","slug":"elisa-principle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/","title":{"rendered":"ELISA Principle, Procedure, Types, and Applications"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is one of the most sensitive immunoassays available. The typical detection range for an ELISA is 0.1 to 1 fmole or 0.01 ng to 0.1 ng. It is a plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In an ELISA, an antigen must be immobilized to a solid surface and then complexed with an antibody that is linked to an enzyme. Detection is accomplished by assessing the conjugated enzyme activity via incubation with a substrate to produce a measurable product. The most crucial element of the detection strategy is a highly specific antibody-antigen interaction.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In this article we will discuss ELISA principle, procedure, types, and applications.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-biology-lab\"><span class='mb-text'>Try ELISA Principle at our Virtual biology lab!<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-945 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/adca9720-3a51-447f-b3f0-e9efb1238c10.jpg\" alt=\"ELISA Principle, Procedure, Types, and Applications\" width=\"514\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/adca9720-3a51-447f-b3f0-e9efb1238c10.jpg 514w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/adca9720-3a51-447f-b3f0-e9efb1238c10-300x141.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 514px) 100vw, 514px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-light-blue ez-toc-container-direction\">\r\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\r\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\r\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><\/span><\/div>\r\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Elisa_Meaning\" >Elisa Meaning<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#ELISA_Principle\" >ELISA Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#General_ELISA_Procedure\" >General ELISA Procedure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Types_of_ELISA_Test\" >Types of ELISA Test<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Direct_ELISA\" >Direct ELISA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#_Indirect_ELISA\" >\u00a0Indirect ELISA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Sandwich_ELISA\" >Sandwich ELISA<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#_Competitive_ELISA\" >\u00a0Competitive ELISA<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#What_is_the_principle_of_competitive_ELISA_technique\" >What is the principle of competitive ELISA technique?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#General_ELISA_Test_Steps\" >General ELISA Test Steps<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Explanatory_Video_of_the_Steps_of_Conducting_ELISA_Experiment_Using_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Lab\" >Explanatory Video of the Steps of Conducting\u00a0 ELISA Experiment Using PraxiLabs Virtual Lab<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Sandwich_ELISA_Principle\" >Sandwich ELISA Principle<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#ELISA_Applications\" >ELISA Applications<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#_Food_Industry\" >\u00a0Food Industry<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Vaccine_Development\" >Vaccine Development<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Immunology\" >Immunology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Humoral_Immunity\" >Humoral Immunity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Diagnosis\" >Diagnosis<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Pregnancy_Test\" >Pregnancy Test<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Cancer_Detection\" >Cancer Detection<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#Common_Questions_about_ELISA\" >Common Questions about ELISA<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#What_Is_the_Difference_between_Indirect_ELISA_and_Sandwich_ELISA\" >What Is the Difference between Indirect ELISA and Sandwich ELISA?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#What_Are_the_4_Steps_of_an_ELISA_Protocol\" >What Are the 4 Steps of an ELISA Protocol?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#What_Is_the_ELISA_Test_Used_for\" >What Is the ELISA Test Used for?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#How_Is_the_ELISA_Test_Performed\" >How Is the ELISA Test Performed?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/09\/20\/elisa-principle\/#ELISA_Experiment_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Lab\" >ELISA Experiment PraxiLabs Virtual Lab\u00a0<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\r\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Elisa_Meaning\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Elisa Meaning<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You may have wondered what does ELISA<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">stand for?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ELISA stands for <\/span><b>enzyme-linked immunoassay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It is a commonly used laboratory test to detect <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antibody\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">antibodies<\/a> in the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the body&#8217;s immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens. ELISA is an effective and widely used technique in microbiology and virology\u2014in particular, for investigating infectious pathogens.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ELISA_Principle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>ELISA Principle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>What is the principle of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">ELISA is an abbreviation for &#8220;Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay&#8221; and it is a common laboratory technique. To get the task of measuring the <strong>analyte&#8217;s<\/strong> (antibodies or antigens most likely) <strong>concentration<\/strong> in solutions done, we use the ELISA technique. A<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">s an indicator to the amount of analytes exist in the original sample, a <strong>colored<\/strong> end product is the final result of the ELISA steps.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">ELISAs are typically performed in 96-well (or 384-well) polystyrene plates, which will passively bind antibodies and proteins. It is this binding and immobilization of reagents that makes ELISAs so easy to design and perform. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt;\">The principle of ELISA depends on having the reactants of the ELISA immobilized to the <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microplate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microplate<\/a> surface makes it easy to separate bound from unbound material during the assay. This ability to wash away nonspecifically bound materials makes the ELISA a powerful tool for measuring specific analytes within a crude preparation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"General_ELISA_Procedure\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>General ELISA Procedure<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>How does the ELISA test work?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Unless you are using a kit with a plate that is pre-coated with antibody, an ELISA begins with a coating step, in which the first layer, consisting of a target antigen or antibody, is adsorbed onto a 96-well polystyrene plate.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">This is followed by a blocking step (Blocking ELISA principle: all unbound sites are coated with a blocking agent.) Following a series of washes, the plate is incubated with <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18265067\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">enzyme-conjugated antibody<\/a>. Another series of washes removes all unbound antibody. A substrate is then added, producing a calorimetric signal. Finally, the plate is read.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Because the assay uses surface binding for separation, several washes are repeated in each ELISA step to remove unbound material. During this process, it is essential that excess liquid is removed in order to prevent the dilution of the solutions added in the next assay step. To ensure uniformity, specialized plate washers are often used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0ELISAs can be quite complex and include multiple intervening steps, especially when measuring protein concentration in heterogeneous samples such as blood. The most complex and varying step in the overall process is detection, where multiple layers of antibodies can be used to amplify signals.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\"><span class='mb-text'>Join us at praxilabs and find out how the ELISA test works<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-946 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay-ELISA-and-its-types.jpg\" alt=\"Types of ELISA Test\" width=\"650\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay-ELISA-and-its-types.jpg 650w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay-ELISA-and-its-types-300x185.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_ELISA_Test\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Types of ELISA Test<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There are four basic ELISA formats, allowing for a certain amount of flexibility which can be adjusted based on the antibodies available, the results required, or the complexity of the samples:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Direct ELISA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Indirect ELISA.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/elisa-immunology-virtual-lab-simulation\">Sandwich ELISA<\/a>.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Competition or Inhibition ELISA.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Direct_ELISA\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Direct ELISA<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Direct ELISA principle<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">For direct detection, an antigen coated to a multi-well plate is detected by an antibody that has been directly conjugated to an enzyme. This detection method is a good option if there are no commercially available ELISA kits for your target protein.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Advantages<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Quick because only one antibody and fewer steps are used.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Cross-reactivity of secondary antibody is eliminated.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Disadvantages<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Immunoreactivity of the primary antibody might be adversely affected by labeling with enzymes or tags.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Labeling primary antibodies for each specific ELISA system is time-consuming and expensive.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> No flexibility in choice of primary antibody label from one experiment to another.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Minimal signal amplification.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Indirect_ELISA\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Indirect ELISA<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">For indirect detection, the antigen coated to a multi-well plate is detected in two stages or layers. First an unlabeled primary antibody, which is specific for the antigen, is applied. Next, an enzyme-labeled secondary antibody is bound to the first antibody.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The secondary antibody is usually an anti-species antibody and is often polyclonal. The indirect assay, the most popular format for ELISA, has the advantages and disadvantages:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Advantages<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> A wide variety of labeled secondary antibodies are available commercially.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Versatile because many primary antibodies can be made in one species and the same labeled secondary antibody can be used for detection<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Maximum immunoreactivity of the primary antibody is retained because it is not labeled.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Sensitivity is increased because each primary antibody contains several epitopes that can be bound by the labeled secondary antibody, allowing for signal amplification.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Disadvantages<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Cross-reactivity might occur with the secondary antibody, resulting in a nonspecific signal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> An extra incubation step is required in the procedure.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>The following figure shows the difference between direct and indirect ELISA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-947 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3.jpg\" alt=\"The following figure shows the difference between direct and indirect ELISA\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3.jpg 225w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/3-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sandwich_ELISA\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Sandwich ELISA<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Sandwich ELISAs typically require the use of matched antibody pairs, where each antibody is specific for a different, non-overlapping part (epitope) of the antigen molecule. A first antibody (known as capture antibody) is coated to the wells.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0The sample solution is then added to the well. A second antibody (known as detection antibody) follows this step in order to measure the concentration of the sample.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\"><span class='mb-text'>try sandwich elisa at Praxilabs For FREE<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0Advantages<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> High specificity: the antigen\/analyte is specifically captured and detected.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Suitable for complex (or crude\/impure) samples: the antigen does not require purification prior to measurement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"> Flexibility and sensitivity: both direct or indirect detection methods can be used.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Competitive_ELISA\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0Competitive ELISA<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0The key event of competitive ELISA (also known as inhibition ELISA) is the process of competitive reaction between the sample antigen and antigen bound to the wells of a microtiter plate with the primary antibody.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_principle_of_competitive_ELISA_technique\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What is the principle of competitive ELISA technique?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0First, the primary antibody is incubated with the sample antigen and the resulting antibody\u2013antigen complexes are added to wells that have been coated with the same antigen. After an incubation period, any unbound antibody is washed off. The more antigens in the sample, the more primary antibodies will be bound to the sample antigen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, there will be a smaller amount of primary antibody available to bind to the antigen coated on the well, resulting in a signal reduction. The main advantage of this type of ELISA arises from its high sensitivity to compositional differences in complex antigen mixtures, even when <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the specific detecting antibody is present in relatively small amounts.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-950\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/4.jpg\" alt=\"General ELISA Test Steps\" width=\"2121\" height=\"1414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/4.jpg 2121w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/4-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/4-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/4-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/4-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2121px) 100vw, 2121px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"General_ELISA_Test_Steps\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>General ELISA Test Steps<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Prepare a surface to which a known quantity of capture antibody is bound.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Block any nonspecific binding sites on the surface.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Add an antigen-containing sample to the plate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Wash the plate, so that unbound antigen is removed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A specific antibody is added, and binds to antigen (hence the \u2018sandwich, the Ag is stuck between two antibodies)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Add enzyme-linked secondary antibodies as detection antibodies that also bind specifically to the antibody\u2019s Fc region (non-specific).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Wash the plate, so that the unbound antibody-enzyme conjugates are removed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Add a substrate that is converted by the enzyme into a color or fluorescent or electrochemical signal.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Measure the absorbance or fluorescence or electrochemical signal (e.g., current) of the plate wells to determine the presence and quantity of antigen.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Explanatory_Video_of_the_Steps_of_Conducting_ELISA_Experiment_Using_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Lab\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Explanatory Video of the Steps of Conducting\u00a0 ELISA Experiment Using PraxiLabs Virtual Lab<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FN65qr4G0TA?t=128s\" width=\"560\" height=\"314\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In this experiment, we will be performing the experimental concepts and methodology involved with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, we will determine the antigen concentration by the sandwich ELISA method.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong>Don&#8217;t forget to subscribe to our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/channel\/UCyrEWjxy6DZjt4yRvc9Vw5Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YouTube channel PraxiLabs<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sandwich_ELISA_Principle\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Sandwich ELISA Principle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Sandwich ELISA is used to detect the presence of an antigen. Sandwich ELISA typically requires the use of matched antibody pairs, where each antibody is specific for different, non-overlapping parts of the antigen molecule. The fi\u00adrst antibody termed the capture antibody is coated to the plate. Next, the analyte or sample solution is added to the well.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A second antibody layer, the detection antibody, follows this step in order to measure the concentration of the analyte. If the detection antibody is conjugated to an enzyme, then the assay is called a direct sandwich ELISA. If the detection antibody is unlabeled, then a second detection antibody will be needed resulting in an indirect sandwich ELISA.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-simulations\/elisa-immunology-virtual-lab-simulation\"><span class='mb-text'>Try ELISA Principle Experiment Now!<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-951 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/2e09b112-7c8f-4493-a9c0-8e42f8215784.jpg\" alt=\"ELISA Applications\" width=\"480\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/2e09b112-7c8f-4493-a9c0-8e42f8215784.jpg 480w, https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/2e09b112-7c8f-4493-a9c0-8e42f8215784-300x189.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ELISA_Applications\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>ELISA Applications<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">There are several\u00a0 applications of ELISA test, for ex., food industry, vaccine development, immunology, diagnosis, toxicology, drug monitoring, pharmaceutical industry, and transplantation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"_Food_Industry\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><b>Food Industry<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ELISA plays a major role in the food industry. It is the main platform for identifying food allergens such as those present in milk, peanuts, walnuts, almonds, and eggs. ELISA can also be employed to corroborate the authenticity of the food products. This technique is of great help to avoid possible economic losses caused by fraudulent substitution.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Vaccine_Development\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Vaccine Development<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">\u00a0Vaccine development is a very important application of ELISA which serves as a great candidate for the process of serves as a great candidate for . The sera sample from an immunized animal or human model can be tested to detect the presence of antibodies against certain types of antigens, which were intentionally injected to the host.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Immunology\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Immunology<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">The defender of the body, the immune system, can operate in cellular or humoral (innate or adaptive) modes. Measuring and monitoring the changes of the immune response underlay the foundation for understanding immune disease. Various studies have demonstrated ELISA as the gold standard method that is rapid and cost-effective for such measurements and monitoring.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Humoral_Immunity\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Humoral Immunity<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">ELISA has shown great potential in studying the humoral response of the immune system towards different classes of infections as well. Humoral immunity response involves the substances (antibodies and other components) that exist in the body fluids. Monitoring and measurement of these components are of great importance.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Diagnosis\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Diagnosis<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">In the area of diagnosis, ELISA has proven to be a capable platform applied worldwide for detecting a variety of disease types in humans and animals. A number of different commercial ELISA kits are available in the market for detection of HIV, Influenza, Dengue fever, Ebola, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chagas disease<\/a>, Leishmaniasis, Lyme disease, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/westnile\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">West Nile virus<\/a>, among others. Even in plants pathology, ELISA technique is attracting increasing attention. ELISA has successfully overcome the drawbacks of the previous serological analyses performed in phyto-diagnosis\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pregnancy_Test\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Pregnancy Test<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">A number of different biomolecular entities including human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estriol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">estriol (E3)<\/a>, and thyrotropin-stimulating hormone (TSH) can be expressed due to the pregnancy. ELISA can detect some of these proteins from the maternal blood, saliva, or urine at the early stages of the pregnancy . HCG is one of the common hormones that can be detected by ELISA during the first month after fertilization. Another biomolecule associated with pregnancy is estriol (E3) that can be detected with ELISA in the saliva at the 6th week of pregnancy.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cancer_Detection\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>Cancer Detection<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Highly sensitive detection of cancer provides with the early stage diagnostic, which is crucial for patient survival. Cancer biomarkers, however, are some of the most challenging biomolecular entities as target analytes. Advancements of ELISA technique have promised its application in detection of cancer biomarkers.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Common_Questions_about_ELISA\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Common Questions about ELISA<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_the_Difference_between_Indirect_ELISA_and_Sandwich_ELISA\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What Is the Difference between Indirect ELISA and Sandwich ELISA?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">Indirect ELISA refers to a two-step ELISA which involves two binding processes of primary antibody and labeled secondary antibody while sandwich ELISA refers to another two-step ELISA type in which the protein of interest is sandwiched between primary and secondary antibody. Thus, this is the main\u00a0difference between indirect and sandwich ELISA.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_the_4_Steps_of_an_ELISA_Protocol\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>What Are the 4 Steps of an ELISA Protocol?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<div class=\"wDYxhc\" lang=\"en-EG\" data-md=\"61\">\n<div class=\"LGOjhe\" role=\"heading\" data-attrid=\"wa:\/description\" aria-level=\"3\" data-hveid=\"CAUQAA\"><span class=\"ILfuVd\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span class=\"hgKElc\">The Direct ELISA Procedure can be summarised into 4 steps:<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"LGOjhe\" role=\"heading\" data-attrid=\"wa:\/description\" aria-level=\"3\" data-hveid=\"CAUQAA\"><span class=\"ILfuVd\" style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span class=\"hgKElc\">\u00a0<b>Plate Coating, Plate Blocking, Antibody Incubation, and Detection<\/b>.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"g\">\n<div data-hveid=\"CAMQAA\" data-ved=\"2ahUKEwiymp-FnfHyAhXC6eAKHXlUBJUQFSgAegQIAxAA\">\n<div><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"tF2Cxc\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_the_ELISA_Test_Used_for\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">What Is the ELISA Test Used for?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">This test is often used to see if you have been exposed to viruses or other substances that cause infection. It is also used to screen for current or past infections.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Is_the_ELISA_Test_Performed\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><b>How Is the ELISA Test Performed?<\/b><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A blood sample is needed. Most of the time, blood is <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drawn from a vein<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> located on the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The sample is sent to a laboratory where the targeted antibody or <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">antigen<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is linked to a specific <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enzyme<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. If the target substance is in the sample, the test solution turns a different color.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"ELISA_Experiment_PraxiLabs_Virtual_Lab\"><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">ELISA Experiment PraxiLabs Virtual Lab\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs provides a<a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/3d-science-simulations\"> 3D science simulation<\/a> of the ELISA laboratory, allowing you to conduct the entire experiment easily and clearly with simplistic videos to explain the steps, PDFs to explain the theoretical scientific material of the experiment, as well as a simple quiz to test your understanding of the experiment at the end.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\">PraxiLabs also offers a wide range of important biology experiments such as the virtual lab of\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/06\/30\/dna-extraction-virtual-lab\/\">DNA Extraction<\/a> , the Virtual lab of <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2021\/02\/08\/dna-sequencing-definition-importance-methods-facts-and-more\/\">DNA Sequencing<\/a> , and the <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/2020\/05\/29\/western-blot-concept\/\">Western Plot Experiment<\/a> Laboratory.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">All you have to do is <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/sign-up\">create a free account<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/pricing\">choose the right plan<\/a> for you and e<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">xperience a virtual world of science education.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"row\">\n<article class=\"about-post col-sm-4 col-xs-12\" data-delay=\"400\">\n<div class=\"img-box\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;\"><strong><a class=\"maxbutton-3 maxbutton\" href=\"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/virtual-labs\"><span class='mb-text'>Try 3D Virtual Labs Now<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/article>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is one of the most sensitive immunoassays available. The typical detection range for an ELISA is 0.1 to 1 fmole or 0.01 ng to 0.1 ng. It is a plate-based assay technique designed for detecting and quantifying peptides, proteins, antibodies, and hormones.\u00a0 In an ELISA, an antigen must be &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":4486,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"no","_lmt_disable":"no","footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-944","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-biology"],"modified_by":"Muhamed Elmesery","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/944","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=944"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/944\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4188,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/944\/revisions\/4188"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4486"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=944"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=944"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/praxilabs.com\/en\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=944"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}