Last Updated on August 22, 2025 by Muhamed Elmesery Have you ever thought about how we can get fresh water from sea water? Or how can we get the skim milk? Or how is blood separated into its four components in hospitals and blood banks? Sand and water/ Cereal and milk/ Sugar and salt/ Salt and water/ Water and ethanol/ …

Last Updated on August 22, 2025 by Muhamed Elmesery To understand and study the world of microorganisms, we need special techniques or methods that are called “Microbiology techniques”.  Microbiology techniques are the methods used for studying microbes (ex: bacteria, fungi and protest). The purpose of these techniques include microbial identification, staining, engineering, survey, culturing and manipulation. What are Microbiological Techniques? …

Last Updated on August 22, 2025 by Muhamed Elmesery Acids and Bases play a vital role in our life and all of the environment around us. When you brush your teeth with toothpaste or wash your hands with soap or take your coffee, you’ve already experienced acids and bases. In chemistry, substances are classified as acids or bases or neutral, …

Last Updated on August 22, 2025 by Muhamed Elmesery What is Recrystallization? The recrystallization definition is a process used for purifying compounds that contain impurities and these compounds are: Dissolved at solvents. Solids at room temperature. Obtained from chemical reactions or natural sources.   On the other hand, the impurities include mixtures of soluble, insoluble, and colored substances. Each  type of …

Last Updated on August 22, 2025 by Muhamed Elmesery To understand Diels Alder reaction well, we will first clarify important definitions like alkene and diene. Alkenes Alkene is a class or a group of hydrocarbons that contains 1 carbon – carbon double bond at least. Alkene is also known as olefin and its general formula is CnH2n. Alkenes are more …